Skripsi

Descriptive Analysis of Baby’s Paralinguistic Features

2012-01-01T18:16:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research is intended to describe gestures and facial expressions showed by baby in the daily activity. It also reveals what the functions of paralinguistic features used by baby in the daily activity.

The research belongs to descriptive qualitative. Research object of this research is baby’s paralinguistic features, which are presented in pictures as the data. The data are taken from internet sources and the other data sources taken from books. Collecting the data, the researcher uses noting technique. Technique for analyzing data is qualitative analysis, because the data are in the form of pictures and words.

The findings of this research reveal that paralinguistic features in this research are gestures and facial expressions. The form of gestures are rising hand, pointing hand, squirming the body, putting tongue out, and expelling food from mouth. In the term of facial expression, there are smiling thinking seriously, extending a lip as baby uses a sign (mencebik), crying, and pasted smile in the daily activity used to express their complementing, substituting, and facilitating. The findings also reveal that there are three functions of paralinguistic features as the nonverbal language used by baby in the daily activity namely complementing, substituting, and facilitating.

by
Arba’ati Nursiyam
07004342

A Syntactic Analysis of Complex Sentence Used in Student’s Thesis

2012-01-01T18:03:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled A Syntactic Analysis of Complex Sentence Used in Student’s Thesis Written by Siti Nur Qo’idah is intended to explain complex sentence used in student’s thesis. The objectives of this research are to find out and describe the structure of complex sentence used in student’s thesis and to find out and describe the structure and the function of dependent clause used in the complex sentence.

This research uses descriptive qualitative method because the data are in form of words. This research does not use any statistical procedure and calculation. The data consists of 18 complex sentences used in student’s thesis written by Siti Nur Qo’idah. Those 18 complex sentences are only the sample of complex sentences used in the student’s thesis. To collect the data, the writer uses metode simak dengan teknik catat (observing method and noting technique). To analyze the data, the writer uses metode padan (identifying method) and structural analysis method. The data are read and observed to find out the complex sentence in that student’s thesis. Then, the writer will find the structure of complex sentence and dependent clause of that complex sentence. The last, the writer will find the function of that dependent clause in that complex sentence.

The result of this research shows that there are four structures of those complex sentences; they are SVC, SVC Adverb, SVO Adverb, and SV Adverb. The structure of complex sentence which often used in the student’s thesis is SVC. The other result is the structure and the function of dependent clause. The writer found 21 dependent clauses from 18 complex sentences. The writer found 7 structures of dependent clause. Those 7 structures are SOC SVC, SOC SVO, SOC VO, SOC V Adverb, SOC VO Adverb, SOC SV Adverb and SOC V. There are 9 subordinate conjunctions, they are that, which, even though, after, if, why,

because, who, and what. The subordinate conjunctions which often used in the student’s thesis are that and which. From those clauses, the writer found 13 adjective clauses, 6 adverbial clauses, and 2 noun clauses. The last result is the function of the dependent clauses in those complex sentences. The writer found 4 functions of dependent clause in those complex sentences. Those are adjective clause modified noun or pronoun (post modifier of noun phrase), adverb, subject and object. Adjective clause modified noun or pronoun (as post modifier of noun phrase) is the most frequent occurrence in the student’s thesis.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE NASAL CONSONANTS

2010-10-30T18:53:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

by : Ani Purwati Setianingsih

This thesis is entitled A Contrastive Analysis between English and Javanese Nasal Consonants. It focuses on the distributions and patterns of nasal assimilations. It is aimed at finding out the distribution of English and Javanese nasal consonants, finding out the patterns of nasal assimilation between English and Javanese, and finding out the similarities and differences between English and Javanese nasal consonants in their distributions and patterns of nasal assimilations.

This research uses a descriptive and comparative- qualitative method. It describes the English and Javanese nasal consonants and then compares them to find the similarities and differences. The data of the research are in the form of words containing [m, n, ŋ and ñ]. The writer takes the data from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Jawa. Besides, the writer also takes the data from phonetics and phonology books and internet. She applies noting and separating techniques. The writer uses intralingua comparative method in analyzing the data.

The result of this study shows that the distributions of English nasal consonants /m/ and /n/ can be placed in all position but phoneme /ŋ/ can just occur in middle and final positions. The distributions of Javanese nasal consonants /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ can be in all positions, but phoneme /ñ/ can just occur in initial and middle positions. The patterns of nasal assimilations in English nasal clusters are divided into three forms: Nasal Deletion, Nasal Change, and Nasal Choice. The patterns of nasal assimilations in Javanese nasal clusters are divided into two forms: Nasal Addition and Nasal Choice. English and Javanese nasal consonants have similarities and differences. The similarities are in types, distributions and nasal cluster. And the differences are in types, distribution and the patterns of nasal assimilation. In the types, both two languages have similarities in phoneme [m], [n] and [ŋ]. In the difference Javanese has phoneme [ñ], while English does not have phoneme [ñ].In the distribution, English and Javanese have similarities in phoneme [m] and [n] which are distributed in all positions: initial, middle and final. And phoneme [ŋ] is distributed in middle and final position. In nasal assimilation both English and Javanese have similarities in Nasal Choice. English has three patterns of nasal assimilation: Nasal Deletion, Nasal Change and Nasal Choice, while Javanese has two patterns of nasal assimilation, that is, Nasal Addition and Nasal Choice.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND SUNDANESE DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

2010-08-29T07:43:00.001-07:00

By:

Yusuf Yanuar

05026008

ABSTRACT

In this research, the writer discusses the contrast between English and Sundanese derivational affixes. The aims of this research are to describe the types, meanings, the functions, then to find out the similarities and differences between English and Sundanese derivational affixes.

This graduating paper is arranged through qualitative method. The analysis of this study is made under morphological approach. The object of the research is words and phrases in short stories entitled The Man Who Could Work Miracle and Ai Siti Hayati. The writer uses observation method (metode simak) in collecting data, and then uses noting technique (teknik catat) to note data from the short stories. The data are taken from short stories The Man Who Could Work Miracle by H.G. Wells and Ai Siti Hayati by Chye Retty Isnendes. The data are taken from the internet, journals, articles, and literary works as well. This study uses a contrastive analysis that describes the comparison of two or more languages and then finds out both of similarities and differences between them. In analyzing English derivational affixes, the writer uses some theories by Ingo Plag and Laurie Bauer. Meanwhile, theory of Djajasudarma and Abdulwahid are used in analyzing Sundanese derivational affixes.

The research results show that there are prefixes and suffixes in types of English derivational affixes. The types of Sundanese derivational affixes are prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and confixes. The functions of both English and Sundanese derivational affixes are to create new lexeme whether change the parts of speech or not. The meanings of English derivational affixes are negation, actions, results, etc. The meanings of Sundanese derivational affixes are result, state, etc. The similarities of English and Sundanese derivational affixes are both English and Sundanese derivational affixes have prefixes and suffixes processes. Then both English and Sundanese have verbalization, adjectivication, and nominalization. The differences of English and Sundanese derivational affixes are English derivational affixes forms new English words through prefixation and suffixation; meanwhile, there are infixation and confixation in Sundanese. In English, there is derivational affix to form adverb, but there is no derivational affix to form adverb in Sundanese. In English, derivational suffixes have more types than derivational prefix; whereas, in Sundanese, derivational prefixes have greater number than derivational suffixes. In context of meaning, English derivational affixes have prefixes that have negative meaning, but Sundanese derivational affixes have no prefixes that denote negative meaning.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND JAVANESE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

2010-08-17T17:22:00.000-07:00

Fajar Aris Setiawan

05004083

ABSTRACT

The study entitled “A Comparative Study on English and Javanese Interrogative Sentences” is intended to describe the forms of interrogative sentences in English and Javanese, the similarities between interrogative sentences in English and Javanese, and their differences.

This research belongs to a comparative qualitative research. This research belongs to qualitative research because it does not use any statistical procedure. The data of this research are taken from English and Javanese grammar books. In collecting the data, the writer uses noting technique, separating technique, and changing techniques. In analyzing the data, the writer makes description, analysis and interpretation.

The result of this research shows that there are three forms of English Interrogative sentences; yes no question, wh question and tag question. In Javanese, the writer finds three forms of interrogative sentences; question word, question particles, and alternative question. The similarities between interrogative sentences in English and Javanese lie on their types of interrogative sentences and the position of question word. The differences between English and Javanese interrogative sentence lie on the existence of auxiliary verb and the position of question words.

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF NOUN PHRASE MODIFIER USED IN THE HUMOROUS STORIES OF NASREDDIN, THE WISE MAN RETOLD BY SUGENG HARIYANTO

2010-08-17T17:05:00.000-07:00

Wahidatul Janah

05026076

The research entitled A syntactic analysis of Noun Phrase Modifier Used In The Humorous Stories of Nasreddin, the Wise Man is a qualitative descriptive study. The purposes of this study are to determine the types of modifier and to describe the elements of modifier used in the noun phrase in the humorous stories of Nasreddin, the Wise Man.

In this research there are 351 noun phrases of 242 sentences. Data are collected using the observation method as a method of data collection, and followed by noting technique. Because the data are too much to be explained as a whole, the researcher takes 50 examples of noun phrases to describe in the discussion or 14, 29%. While in analyzing the data, the researcher uses the structural analysis method. Then the researcher uses the theory of syntactic analysis as a theoretical approach to research.

The result of this research indicates that there are three kinds of modifier in the humorous stories of Nasreddin, the Wise Man based on the way of modifier modifying the noun phrase, namely: pre-modifier modify the noun phrase, post-modifier modify the noun phrase, and pre-modifier with post-modifier modify the noun phrase. Among the three types of modifier, which is the most widely used is pre-modifier modify the noun phrase with the number 262 noun phrases of 350 or 74, 9%. While the elements contained in the modifier is 12 elements. Those elements are deictic, adjective/adjective phrase, adverb/adverb phrase, preposition/prepositional phrase, verb (V-ing and V.III), and noun as elements of a pre-modifier. Preposition/prepositional phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, adverb/adverb phrase, noun, verb (V-ing, V.III, to Inf.), and adjective clauses are post-modifier elements. In the pre-modifier, the researcher finds almost all noun phrases uses deictic in it. But researcher does not find preposition. Researcher finds all the elements in post-modifier. Most elements that are used by post-modifier are preposition and adjective clause. Other elements are very rarely used.

A STUDY OF CASUAL LANGUAGE STYLE AS THE REFLECTION OF CLOSE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE ENGLISH SOCIETY MEMBERS AS REFLECTED IN JAMES CAMERON’S TITANIC

2010-06-26T20:31:00.000-07:00

A STUDY OF CASUAL LANGUAGE STYLE

AS THE REFLECTION OF CLOSE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE ENGLISH SOCIETY MEMBERS AS REFLECTED IN JAMES CAMERON’S TITANIC

ABSTRACT

This study is entitled “A Study of Casual Language Style as the Reflection of Close Social Relationship among the English Society Members as Reflected in James Cameron’s Titanic”. This study is mainly aimed at understanding the characteristics of the casual style in Titanic Community and describing the factors that cause the usage of the style.

This study uses descriptive qualitative research design. The data source of this study is Titanic the movie. Further, casual language style available in Titanic dialogue script becomes the object of this research. The data of this research are mainly available in lingual unit like sounds, words, and sentences produced by the characters in the movie. In addition, this study applies observation method in collecting the data with the next step is noting technique. The technique for analyzing the data is conducted through the following steps: observing the casual linguistics style available in Titanic movie script, identifying the casual characteristics available in the script, classifying the casual lingual units from the script, classifying the factors that cause the usage of casual style and drawing conclusions based on the collected data.

The findings of this research come into two essential conclusions based on the formulated problems.Firstly, the characteristics of casual style that are brought out by the members of Titanic community range from phonological, morphological, and syntactic aspect. Secondly, factors causing the usage of casual style in Titanic community can be in the form of participants’ relationship, social context, as well as various social factors like age, gender, and social class differences.

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES USED IN THE ARTICLES IN JUSCO PEARL MAGAZINE

2010-06-19T15:39:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled A Morphological Analysis of Derivational Affixes Used in the Articles in Jusco Pearl Magazine is descriptive qualitative. The objectives of this research are to describe the types of derivational affixes used in the articles of Jusco Pearl Magazine, to describe the types of derivational affixes that are frequently used in the articles of Jusco Pearl Magazine, and to describe how the addition of derivational affixes influence word meaning and function.

The data of this research consists of 438 English words used in the articles in Jusco Pearl Magazine edition July 2005. To gather the data, the researcher uses observation method, documentation, and noting technique. In addition, the researcher uses structural analysis method and contextual analysis method to analyze the data. Furthermore, a morphological analysis is applied as theoretical approach to do the research.

The result of the study shows that the types of derivational affixes used in the articles in Jusco Pearl Magazine include derivational affixes which change verbs into adjectives (V-A), derivational affixes which change verbs into nouns (V-N), derivational affixes which change nouns into adjectives (N-A), derivational affixes which change nouns into verbs (N-V), derivational affixes which change adjectives into nouns (A-N), derivational affixes which change adjectives into verbs (A-V), derivational affixes which change adjectives into adverbs (A-Adv), derivational affixes which change nouns into nouns (N-N), derivational affixes which change verbs into verbs (V-V), and derivational affixes which change adjectives into adjectives (A-A). The researcher also finds that the type of derivational affixes which change adjectives into adverbs (A-Adv) constitutes the most frequent occurrences of derivational affixes with 120 out of 438 words or 27%. At the end of analysis, the researcher finds that the addition of derivational affixes into the word would influence either the function or meaning of the existing word.

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE TYPES AND PATTERNS USED IN MY CHEMICAL ROMANCE’S SONG LYRICS

2010-06-19T15:28:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled A Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Types and Patterns Used in My Chemical Romance’s Song Lyrics aims to describe the types and patterns of sentences used in My Chemical Romance’s song lyrics and also the type and to describe the frequency of occurrence for both sentence type and pattern used in My Chemical Romance’s song lyrics in the album The Black Parade.

This study uses descriptive qualitative method. The source of data is taken from lyrics used in My Chemical Romance’s songs in the late album entitled The Black Parade. The album consists of 14 songs. There are 106 sentences analyzed by the writer. Observation method is adapted to collect the data in the ways of reading and observing the song lyrics. The writer then uses noting technique to note the data. In analyzing the song lyrics, the writer carefully reads and observes them in order to find and determine the sentence types and patterns by using structural analysis method. The writer then identifies every single sentence in My Chemical Romance’s song lyrics according to its sentence type and pattern followed by a step to categorize the sentences on their frequency. Then, at last, the writer tries to count the total number of sentence types and patterns found to know the frequency of sentence type and pattern commonly used.

The result shows that the sentence types found in My Chemical Romance’s song lyrics in the album The Black Parade are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences in which the highest frequency is simple sentence. From 106 sentences, there are 89 simple sentences. The percentage is 84% of amount of sentences. Besides, the sentence patterns found are the pattern S V, S V A, S V C, S V O, S V O C, S V IO DO, and S V O A. In this case, there are two sentence patterns occurring with the highest frequency in My Chemical Romance’s song lyrics. They are the pattern S V O and S V C. From 106 sentences, the two patterns are equally used in 27 sentences per each. The percentage is 25,5% of amount of sentences.

The Speech Act Study on the English Advertising Slogans in Indonesia’s TV Stations

2010-04-11T04:52:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “The Speech Act Study on the English Advertising Slogans in Indonesia’s TV Stations” is intended to find out the types of the speech acts found in English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations, and to find out the levels of the speech acts found in English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations.

This research deals with a descriptive qualitative analysis. The object of the research is the speech acts in English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations. The sources of data of this research are English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations. The data of the research can be all of words, phrases, or sentences appeared in English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations. The technique of collecting data in this research is recording and noting techniques. The researcher finds and observes the English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations, and writes down into data card. Then the data will be transferred into data sheet to be the sample of the data. The data are analyzed by using qualitative technique based on the types of speech acts and the levels of the speech acts.

The research findings show that there are four types of speech act found in the English advertising slogans in Indonesia’s TV stations. They are representatives (42.6%), directives (27.8%), expressives (18.5%), and commissives (11.1%). The research result also shows that all of data contains of locutionary, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.

A CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE ANALYSIS ON J.K.ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS:

2010-04-11T04:44:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The title of this paper is A CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE ANALYSIS ON J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS: A PRAGMATIC STUDY. In this paper, the writer discusses conversational implicature in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The objectives of the study are to identify the implicature utterances uttered by the characters in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, to describe the implied meaning uttered by the characters in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and to describe the cooperative principles occur in the conversation of the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

In this study, the writer applies qualitative research method. The data are gotten in written form and conversational implicature uttered by the characters in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The source of data is from the novel entitled Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and the supporting data are knowledge and comprehension of the writer as the researcher and theories related with this study. In method of collecting data, the writer uses “recording technique” (teknik sadap) as the basic technique, the first continuing technique is “non participant observing technique” (teknik simak bebas libat cakap), and is continued by “noting technique” (teknik catat). Meanwhile, in method of analyzing data, the writer uses contextual research to analyze the data and in analyzing conversational implicature, the writer uses Grice theory. Grice theory is about conversational implicature generated by four maxims. Those are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner.

In this analysis, the writer finds 64 conversational implicatures in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that break the maxims. There are 17 (26.6%) conversational implicatures that break maxim of quantity, 4 (6.3%) that breaks maxim of quality, 29 (45.3%) that break maxim of relation and 14 (21.8%) that break maxim of manner. By breaking the maxims, the characters’ utterances have certain expression to imply their utterances. The implied meaning of the conversational utterances refers to expression of agreement, refusal, acceptance, denial, command and announcement expression. The characters does not adhere the maxims so they break the rules of the maxim such as in maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner.

An Analysis of Tourism Jargon Used in Tourism Department in SMK NEGERI 4 Yogyakarta

2010-04-11T04:25:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “An Analysis of Tourism Jargon Used in Tourism Department in SMK NEGERI 4 Yogyakarta” is intended to describe the forms of tourism jargon, the meaning of tourism jargon and the function of tourism jargon used in SMK NEGERI 4 Yogyakarta.

This study belongs to descriptive qualitative research. It does not use statistical procedures, and the use of qualitative research is suitable with the method of analyzing data in this research. The data are taken from the students of SMK NEGERI 4 Yogyakarta, internet and other books. In collecting the data the researcher used observation and interview method. This research used a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data.

The result of the research shows that the forms of tourism jargon in SMK N 4 Yogyakarta, are: words, phrases, acronyms, and abbreviations. Concerning the functions of tourism jargon the researcher found four functions of tourism jargon, they are: (1) to exclude lay people or novices, (2) to use for social identification, (3) to serve the purpose of bonding friendship, and (4) to make the communication effective and efficient. Researcher found two kinds of meaning in tourism jargon, namely connotative and denotative meaning.

AN ANALYSIS ON JARGON LANGUAGE USED IN DAVID WILKERSON’S THE CROSS AND THE SWITCHBLADE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

2010-04-06T13:44:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled An Analysis on Jargon Language Used in David Wilkerson’s The Cross and The Switchblade is intended to find out the types, the meanings, and the functions of jargon in The Cross and The Switchblade novel by David Wilkerson.

This type of research belongs to qualitative research. The writer takes data from the novel The Cross and The Switchblade novel by David Wilkerson. The supporting data are taken from some books and internet. In collecting data, noting technique and separating technique are used. The technique of analyzing data is qualitative technique; therefore the object of the research is in the form of word, not in number.

The result of the research shows that the types of jargon in The Cross and The Switchblade novel are 329 data (100%). The highest occurrence of type of jargon is the religious jargon frequency of occurrences 104 or 31.61%. It is followed by legal jargon with frequency of 73 or 22.18%. The next type is medical with frequency of 49 or 14.189%, in the news media jargon with frequency of 24 or 7.29%, the next type is scientific with frequency of 20 or 6.07%, then teaching with frequency of 18 or 5.47%, military with frequency of 16 or 4.86%, journalist of 7 or 2.12 frequency, banking and sport have the same frequency is 6 or 1.82%, broadcasting of 3 or 0.91% frequency, advertising have 2 or 0.6% frequency and the last is politic jargon with frequency 1 or 0.3%.

The meaning of jargon in The Cross and The Switchblade novel consist of denotative meaning has 265 features or 80.55% and connotative meaning has 64 features or 19.45%. The function of jargon in The Cross and The Switchblade novel shows 77.81% or 256 features have function to make easier for a person to communicate with their friends and 22.19% or 73features have function to give a person a sense of belonging to a specific group.

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PHRASES IN SENTENCES IN OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

2010-03-13T22:37:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled A Syntactic Analysis of English Phrases in Sentences in Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post is intended to explain English phrases in The Jakarta Post. The discussion involves types of phrases and functions of phrases which are used in sentences in Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post.

The research is qualitative research because the data are in the form of word. The number of data which is taken by the writer from The Jakarta Post consists of 324 data. Besides, noting techniques is chosen as a method of collecting data. Next, the data are classified and identified in certain categories according to the types and functions of the phrase in the sentences in The Jakarta Post. Then, structural analysis method is taken to analyze the data.

The result of the study shows that there are some types of phrase used in Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post. They are verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase, participial phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, and noun phrase. Each type of phrase may have functions in any position of sentence. Verb phrase functions as the predicate of a sentence. Adjective phrase functions as a subjective complement in the sentence. Adverbial phrase functions to modify verb. Prepositional phrase functions as modifier or adverb in the sentence. Participial phrase functions as a modifier or an adverb in the sentence. Gerund phrase can be used in all nominal function in the sentence. It can be in the position of subject, subjective complement, object and objective complement. Infinitive phrase functions as subject of verb, subjective complement, object of verb, modifier of the noun head and adverb which modifies verb, adverb, or sentence. And noun phrase also can be used in all nominal function in sentence like a gerund phrase. At the end of this research, the researcher finds that the most frequent occurrence of all phrase types is noun phrase with 96 phrases out of 324 phrases or 29.62%.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ON CULTURAL TERMS IN CERITA RAKYAT DIY SERIES

2010-03-13T22:30:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research is entitled “An Analysis of Translation Strategy on Cultural Terms in Cerita Rakyat DIY Series. The purposes of this research are to find firstly the type of translation strategies used by the translator in the book Cerita Rakyat DIY Series and secondly to know the equivalence meaning of the usage of the strategies between source language and target language.

The research belongs to descriptive qualitative. The sources of the data are the books entitled Cerita Rakyat DIY Series. The data are collected by noting technique. The research applies the descriptive method to analyze the data. The collected data are identified, categorized and analyzed based on the theory researcher used.

The research finding shows that there are four strategies used by the translator to translate cultural words in the book Cerita Rakyat DIY Series namely borrowing strategy, cultural substitution strategy, general words strategy and describing strategy. There are 17 data of the translation strategy by borrowing, or 44.7% of the total data. The second is translation by cultural substitutions. There are 8 data of the translation strategy by cultural substitution or 21.5% of the total data. The third is translation by general words. There are 7 data of the translation strategy by general words or 18.4% of the total data. The last is translation by describing. There are 6 data of the translation strategy by describing, or 15.7% of the total data. The result also shows that nil equivalence occurs for borrowing strategy, one to one equivalence occurs for cultural substitution, one to part of one equivalence happens for general words strategy and formal equivalence exists for describing strategy.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA USED IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN VERSION OF NARUTO COMIC

2010-03-13T22:15:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “A comparative study of onomatopoeia used in English and Indonesian version of Naruto comic.” It is aimed at finding out the functions of onomatopoeia, the forms of onomatopoeia and the similarities and the differences between English onomatopoeia and Indonesian onomatopoeia.

The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research. The writer does not use any statistical procedure or calculation. The object of this research is onomatopoeia in English and Indonesian versions of comic. The data collecting technique of this research is noting technique. The writer reads English and Indonesian versions of comics comprehensively, takes a note the onomatopoeia found in English and Indonesian versions of comic and makes a file of English and Indonesian onomatopoeia. In analyzing the data, the writer identifies the onomatopoeia in English and Indonesian, categorizes the structure of onomatopoeia, compares the forms of English and Indonesian onomatopoeia, finds out the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian onomatopoeia and draws conclusion.

The result of the research shows that the functions of onomatopoeia are: to show the sound of speed motion, to show sound if hitting metals, to show action fighting scenes, to show sound of animals, to show interjection., to show the sound made by mechanical device. The forms of onomatopoeia are monosyllable, bi syllable and multi syllable. The similarities and the differences of English onomatopoeia and Indonesian onomatopoeia lie on pronunciation, spelling, and structure.

A Comparative Study of Implicit Meaning Found in Twilight by Stephenie Meyer and Its Translation

2010-03-13T17:53:00.001-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “A Comparative Study of Implicit Meaning Found in Twilight by Stephenie Meyer and Its Translation” is intended to find out: (1) the lingual forms of implicit referential meaning in the novel of Twilight and its translation version, (2) the lingual forms of implicit organizational meaning in novel of Twilight and its translation version, (3) the lingual forms of the implicit situational meaning in novel of Twilight and its translation version.

This research belongs to qualitative and comparative type. The object of this research is the implicit meaning existing in novel of Twilight and its translation. In collecting data, the researcher used noting technique. He collected the data and then noted or wrote important data required. After that, the researcher has analyzed the data by using qualitative and comparative method which is presented in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

The result of this study shows that there are three kinds of the lingual forms of implicit meanings found namely (1) implicit referential meaning which consists of implicit referential meaning translated explicitly, implicit personal reference translated as personal reference, implicit demonstrative reference translated explicitly, implicit demonstrative reference translated as demonstrative reference, implicit comparative reference translated explicitly, and implicit comparative reference translated as demonstrative reference, (2) implicit organizational meaning which consists of ellipsis sentence translated explicitly, ellipsis sentence translated implicitly, passive sentence translated as passive sentence, substitution word translated explicitly, and substitution word translated as substitution word, and (3) implicit situational meaning which consists of implicit situational meaning as the effect of cultural factor, implicit situational meaning as the effect of cultural factor translated explicitly, and implicit situational meaning based on the signal movement of the moment of utterance translated similarly, and implicit situational meaning as the effect of relation between speaker and hearer. They are often found in translation to prevent vagueness, ambiguity, and ineffectiveness as well as extravagant sentence.

THE SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS ON THE SCRIPT NOTTING HILL (A PRAGMATIC STUDY)

2010-03-13T17:51:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The title of research is The Speech Acts Analysis on The Script Notting Hill (A Pragmatic Study) which intend to find out the kinds, functions and meaning of speech act on the script Notting Hill.

The object of this research are speech acts of the utterances in conversation by characters on the script Notting Hill. The writer takes sources of the main data from the script of Notting Hill film taken from internet. This research uses pragmatic study. In collecting the data, the writer uses noting technique. The writer notes some sentences that contain speech acts on the script Notting Hill and makes classification of data. And to analyze the data, the writer uses contextual method.

The result of the research shows that the kinds of speech act on the script Notting Hill are illocutionary act which has 108 or 78.3% and perlocutionary act which has 30 or 21.7%. The fuctions of speech act on the script Notting Hill show that 77 data or 58.8% have directive function, 42 data or 30.4% have expressive function, 10 data or 7.3 % have representative function, 8 data or 5.8% have commisives fuction, and 1 datum or 0,7% have declaration function. The meaning of the utterance of speech act on the script Notting Hill consist of 10 data of offering, 1 datum of threatening, 1 datum of ordering, 6 data of promising, 21 data of stating, 4 data suggesting, 33 data of commanding, 1 datum of complaining, 25 data of requesting, 6 data of conggrulating, 9 data of thanking, and 21 data of appologizing.

A SEMANTIC STUDY OF AMERICAN SLANGS USED IN TONI ANN JOHNSON’S AND KAREN BARNA’S STEP UP 2 THE STREETS

2010-03-13T17:41:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This study entitled “A Semantic Study of American Slangs Used in Toni Ann Johnson’s and Karen Barna’s Step Up 2 The Streets” is to find out the forms of American Slangs used in Step Up 2 The Streets, and the meanings of American Slangs which are found in Step Up 2 The Streets.

This research is in qualitative research. The objects of this research are American Slangs which appear in Step Up 2 The Streets Movie. To collect the data, the researcher conducted the following procedures; a) watching Step Up 2 The Streets Movie, b) taking a note on the scripts of Step Up 2 The Streets Movie, c) printing the scripts of Step Up 2 The Streets Movie, d) making a file of figures of speech used in Step Up 2 The Streets Movie. In analyzing the data, the researcher selected the American Slangs from the script of Step Up 2 The Streets Movie, found the forms and meanings of American Slangs used in Step Up 2 The Streets Movie and drew conclusion.

The result of this research shows that the forms of words which are found in this research are in the forms of verb and adjective. The phrases that the researcher finds are noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase, and prepositional phrase. The sentences that the researcher finds are declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence and exclamatory sentence. The meanings which are found are in forms of words (verb and adjective), phrases (noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase and prepositional) and sentences (declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence and exclamatory sentence).

AN ANALYSIS OF NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES AS REFLECTED IN THE ‘PRINCES DIARIES 2: ROYAL ENGAGEMENT’ MOVIE

2010-03-13T17:31:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled An Analysis of Negative Politeness Strategy as Reflected in the “Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement” movie. The aim of this study is to describe the negative politeness strategies used by the main characters (Mia and Queen Clarisse), the functions of negative politeness strategies used by the main characters (Mia and Queen Clarisse), and the reasons for using negative politeness strategies as reflected in the “Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement” movie.

The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative method. The research object in this research was negative politeness strategies used by the main characters. The source of data is the scripts of a movie entitled ‘Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement”. The writer uses noting technique and transferring technique to collect the data. In analyzing the data, the writer applies the descriptive method.

The research findings show that there are ten negative politeness strategies used by the main characters (Mia and Queen Clarisse) in the Princess “Diaries 2: Royal Engagement” movie. They are be conventionally indirect, question and hedges, be pessimistic, minimize the imposition, give deference, apologize, impersonalize S and H, states the FTA as general rule, nominalize, go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting. The functions of negative politeness strategies used by the main characters (Mia and Queen Clarisse) are to show respect, to save H’s face, to strengthen S’s statement, to soften S’s statement, to express apology, to express sympathy, and to express gratitude. The reasons of using negative politeness used by the main characters are social distance (symmetric relation), the absolute ranking of the threat of the FTA or face management, level of class (asymmetric relation).

A Comparative Study between English and Balinese Bound Morphemes

2009-11-28T11:02:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research talks about the comparison between two languages, namely English and Balinese. The writer focuses on English and Balinese bound morphemes. The goal of her discussion is to find out the similarities and differences between English and Balinese bound morpheme.

The writer employs descriptive and comparative method. The data analysis is done by synchronic comparative method; comparing two languages, namely English and Balinese especially in bound morphemes. In getting data, the writer takes the data from some books, Bali grammar books, and other sources. To collect data, the writer uses some techniques, such as noting technique, the writer uses two techniques they are description and comparison. In description: this thesis discusses English and Balinese by using the approach that has descriptive characteristics. The writer starts analyzing by describing: the kinds of English bound morpheme, the kinds of Balinese bound morphemes and point by point comparison. To find out similarities and differences of the elements between English and Balinese bound morpheme the writer contras the two languages through point by point comparison; Comparison in the form of bound morphemes. To make analyzes easier, the writer uses the following procedures: presenting the data, translating, and comparing.

The result is, there are some similarities and differences between English and Balinese bound morphemes. The similarities and differences are found in kinds and form of system. And it would be skinny in this research.

AN ANALYSIS ON WOMEN LANGUAGE IN LEGALLY BLONDE FILM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

2009-11-28T10:56:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The aims of this research are describing the characteristics of women’s
language and finding out the construction of gender identities in the terms of
hedging and boosting devices in Legally Blonde film.
This research uses sociolinguistic approach. And the object of this
research is all the utterances uttered by female characters in Legally Blonde film.

The source of the data is taken from the script of Legally Blonde film. For
collecting the data the writer uses Teknik Simak Bebas Libat Cakap (Non
Participative Technique) and also uses noting technique. After finding all the data
needed, the researcher classifies them into two classifications based on Lakoff’s
theory. The first classification is hedging devices and the second one is boosting
devices. After having classified the data, the writer tries to find the gender
construction identities in the terms of hedging devices and boosting devices.

The findings of this research show that there are characteristics of
women’s language in the terms of hedging and boosting devices. The final
findings show that in the terms of hedging devices; it is found that lexical hedge
or filler and question intonation represent the most appearance of hedging devices.
This means the female characters’ utterances show uncertainty. They are
uncertain about what they are saying and explicitly signal of lack of confidence.
Meanwhile, in the terms of boosting devices, it is found that intensifiers represent
the highest frequency. They utter intensifiers in order to boost the force and to
strengthen the meaning of other words in their utterances. Then, the gender
construction identities found in this film is that women construct their gender
identities as polite, uncertain, powerless, lack of confident, unconvinced people
and need to be paid attention. Those all are caused by their subordinate social
group. Therefore they use language which reinforces their relatively inferior
position and that they conclude in their own subordination by how they
communicate to the others. And from the context of Legally Blonde film, the
writer also finds that women care with their performance. It is done by going to
salon, going shopping, using perfumery, gossiping, using certain color, such as:
pink, magenta color, etc, and they are more sensitive than men.

A Study of Technical Terms Used in Menu of Siemens Mobile Phones Guide Books

2009-11-28T10:43:00.000-08:00

This study entitled “A Study of Technical Terms Used in Menu of Siemens Mobile Phones Guide Books” is intended to find out the forms of words and phrases bearing lexical meaning and the contextual meaning in the menu of Siemens mobile phones guide books.

This research belongs to a qualitative research, because the data are not analyzed by using statistical procedure or calculation. The writer describes and analysis data are in the form of words and phrases. The writer analyzes the data by the following procedures; a) collecting the menu of Siemens mobile phones guide books, b) reading the menu of Siemens mobile phones guide books, c) finding and classifying the words having lexical and contextual meanings, d) Writing the words bearing the lexical and contextual meaning, e) Saving them in files, and f) drawing conclusion.

The result of this research shows that the forms bearing lexical and contextual meanings are words and phrases. The lexical and contextual meanings can be noun, verb, and adjective. The types of phrases are noun phrase and adjective phrase.

A SYNTACTIC STUDY ON ADVERBIAL CLAUSE FOUND IN SHORT STORIES OF C’N S MAGAZINE

2009-10-15T07:41:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This study discusses adverbial clause found in short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009. This paper aims at describing the types of adverbial clause, identifying the patterns of adverbial clause and describing which types and patterns of adverbial clause are commonly used.

This study belongs to qualitative research and it applies syntactic approach to identify and analyze the data. In collecting the data, the writer uses observation method and noting technique as its advanced technique. Then, the writer employs structural analysis method and distributional method to analyze the data of adverbial clause which are taken from short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009.

The result of this study shows that there are nine types and nine patterns of adverbial clause found in short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009. Those types are adverbial clause of time, place, contrast, cause, result, purpose, condition, manner, and degree, while those patterns are SV, SVC, SVO, SVA, SVOA, SVCA, SVOO, SVOC, and SVAA. From 162 data analyzed, the most frequent types of adverbial clause are headed by adverbial clause of time (93 or 57.40%), pursued by condition (21 or 13%), cause (18 or 11.11%), result (9 or 5.55%), then contrast and manner (6 or 3.70%), degree (5 or 3.08%), purpose (3 or 1.85), and place (1 or 0.61%), whereas the most frequent patterns of adverbial clause is started by SVO (44 or 27.16%), followed by SVOA (29 or 17.9%), SV (27 or 16.66%), SVC (22 or 13.58%), SVA (21 or 13%), SVCA (11 or 6.79%), then SVAA (4 or 2.45%), SVOC (3 or 1.85%) and the lowest frequency is SVOO (1 or 0.61%). Therefore, the most frequent occurrence of the usage of the types is adverbial clause of time and the highest frequency of the clause pattern is SVO.

THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN EDWARD SCISSORHANDS FILM SCRIPT: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

2009-10-05T07:07:00.000-07:00

THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN EDWARD SCISSORHANDS FILM SCRIPT: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is The Analysis of Speech Acts in Edward Scissorhands Film Script: A Pragmatic Study. The aim of this research is describing illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts in term of forms, meanings and functions found in Edward Scissorhands film script.

This research uses pragmatic study. The objects of this research are illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts uttered by the characters in Edward Scissorhands film script. The script of Edward Scissorhands film is the data source of this research. In collecting the data, the writer uses observation method. After being collected, the data are classified according to particular classification that is illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Then the writer notes the data on data card in the form of tables.

The result of this research is divided into two parts that are illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. The analysis of Illocutionary acts is the first part, the writer finds: 1) The form of illocutionary acts. They are imperative with frequency of 91, declarative with frequency of 59, and interrogative with frequency of 11. 2) The function of illocutionary acts. They are 9 frequencies of assertive, 126 frequencies of directives, 8 frequencies of commissives, 17 frequencies of expressive, and 1 frequency of declaration. 3) The meaning of illocutionary acts. They are 2 data of advising, 2 data of informing, 2 data of opine, 53 data of command, 2 data of begging, 54 data of requesting, 12 data of promising, 8 data of expressive, 9 data of thanking, 1 data of greeting, 3 data of apology, 5 features of asserting, 1 data of suggesting, 1 data of offering, 1 data of warning, 1 data of forbid, 1 data of threaten, 1 data of announcing. Then the second part is perlocutionary acts. In this part the writer finds; 1) The forms of perlocutionary acts are imperative with 83 frequencies, declarative with 27 frequencies and interrogative with 8 frequencies. 2) The function of perlocutionary: 5 data of bringing hearer to learn that, 4 data of persuading, 2 data of encouraging, 2 data of frightening, 7 data of amuse, 96 data of getting hearer to do and 2 data of relieve tension.3) The meaning of perlocutionary acts depends on hearer response, such as refuse, angry, happy, etc.

LANGUAGE STYLE USED IN THE DIALOGUE AMONG THE CHARACTERS IN TITANIC MOVIE: SOSIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

2009-10-05T06:52:00.000-07:00

LANGUAGE STYLE USED IN THE DIALOGUE AMONG THE CHARACTERS IN TITANIC MOVIE: SOSIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

This research entitled Language Style Used in the Dialogue among the Characters in Titanic Movie: Sociolinguistic Study is intended to find out the levels of formality’s language in Titanic Movie. The writer’s aims are a) to describe the level of formality in Titanic Movie and b) to describe which level types are frequently used in Titanic Movie.

This is a descriptive qualitative research. The researcher analyzes descriptive data in a written form. The technique that is used in collecting data is noting technique. To analyze the data the writer uses referential method by Sudaryanto and contextual method by Poedjosudarmo. The writer uses Martin Joos theory to analyze the level of formality namely; Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style.

The result of this research shows that the writer can find levels of formality in Titanic Movie. All of the levels can be found in this movie. They are Frozen Style (5.15%), Formal Style (38.14%), Consultative Style (27.84%), Casual Style (17.53 %) and Intimate Style (11.34%). The highest frequency of the level of formality is formal language. It is assume that in 1912 is the glory of United Kingdom that mostly the people usually use formal language to speak to others. The passengers in this ship mostly come from England that commonly uses formal language. So many characters in Titanic Movie use formal style to make conversation with other people who have higher position than she/he.

THE STUDY OF ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES FOR GIVING MESSAGES USED IN KANG GURU MAGAZINE

2009-10-05T06:42:00.000-07:00

THE STUDY OF ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES FOR GIVING MESSAGES USED IN KANG GURU MAGAZINE

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “The Study of Assertive Utterances for Giving Messages Used in Kang guru Magazine” is intended to describe the forms of assertive utterances for giving messages, to describe the kinds of assertive utterances for giving messages, and to describe the factors that influence the use of assertive utterances for giving messages taken from Kang Guru Magazine.

To obtain the data of the research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. The object of the research includes messages of assertive utterances that are taken from Kang Guru Magazine in the publication March 2007 – December 2008. She picks out 7 editions of Kang Guru Magazine. The writer collects the data of assertive utterances from Kang Guru Magazine as data source of this research. The technique that is used in collecting the data is noting technique. The analysis of this data is descriptive analysis. This analysis is used to analyze the sentences.

The result of this study shows the form of assertive utterances which consists of two forms. The forms are indirect and direct assertive. The kind of assertive utterances can be classified into five types, namely; stating, reporting, complaining, suggesting, and boasting. There are three factors which influence the people to use an assertive utterance, such as; depression, frustration, anxiety.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENT CLAUSES MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

2009-10-05T06:26:00.000-07:00

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENT CLAUSES MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT

This thesis is a research report about error analysis on dependent clauses made by the fourth semester students of English Education Study Program of Ahmad Dahlan University.The objectives are to identify and to describe the kinds of grammatical errors and to find the causes or sources of those errors.

The population of this study consists of 408 students of the fourth semester students of English education study Program of ahmad Dahlan University. The sampling used is proportioate random sampling technique. The sample is 25 % of populatio. To collect the data needed, the researcher analyzed the mid- examination papers of the writing subject from some lecturers. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method to anlyze the data.

Some important findings are reported as follows: from the data collected, the total sentences are 1500 sentences. There are 680 dependent clauses or 45. 333 % dependent clauses from the total of sentences. In the dependent clauses, there are 100 dependent clauses errors or 14, 705 % of the total number of dependent clauses, while the total of correct dependent clause is 580 or 85. 294 % of the total number of dependent clauses.The errors are described into the errors in using relative pronoun, the errors in using connectors, and the errors in subject- verb agreement. Those errors are distributed into addition, omission, and missformation. The addition happens because the students add the items which should not appear in a well- formed utterence. The omission is caused by the students who omit the items that must appear in a well- formed utterence. Misformation is caused by the use of the wrong form of the morpheme or structure. The causes or sources of errors are interlingual transfer (the interference of mother tongue) and intralingual transfer (over- generalization and ignorance of rule restrictions). It is caused by interlingual transfer because the students are still influenced by their first language, while intralingual transfer is caused by the complexity of the role of English sentence itself. Intalingual transfer causes over- generalization because the students create a deviant structure on the basis of his experience of other structures in the target language. It also causes ignorance of role restrictions because the students fail the restrictions or existing structures, that is, the application of the rules to context where they do not apply.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

2009-10-05T05:35:00.000-07:00

This is chapter 1 of the research report entitled "A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUENT AND RESONANT CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH SYLLABLE STRUCTURES. In this chapter, the writer divides the discussion into six sections. They are
the background of the study, identification of the problems, limitation of the
problem, formulation of the problems, objectives of the problem, and
significances of the study.

A." Background of the Study
Humans need to communicate with other to maintain their life. Since
communication is important in human life, there appears a language as a
means of communication. Language is used by human to convey, to obtain, to
ask and to give information. Language can be defined as a the unitary system
of linguistic communication which subsumes a number of mutually
intelligible varieties (Ronald Wardaugh, 1986:29) Language role as the way of
human shows its existence and attributes and provides way of communication
with the other in the community.

As everybody knows every language has its own characteristics both in
spoken and written usage. Each of the characteristics has great influence on
the interpretation of every utterance in a language. Every language also has its
own system including its grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. For each
speaker to know the language systems are very important since it takes great
influence toward the meaning of language used. In the other words, to know

the language well, even to master the language, one must learn all the
language aspects both in spoken and written usage.
Since all language is spoken, it has a close relationship toward
language sounds. The sound of language is including the sound system and the
sound pattern of language itself. Consequently language sounds produce in
some language is varied. Therefore, pronunciation must be a great problem for
the learner to learn a new language for example the Indonesian who learns
English as a second and foreign language.

English as well as other language in the world has its own structure.
English also has its own sound system including segmental and
suprasegmental sounds. Every language including English has its own feature
on the phonotactic that is the way of arranging phonemes to form
phonological units. Phonemes as the smallest distinctive unit (of sound) of al
language, takes very important role to the variation of language meaning.
According to Ladefoged (1982: 24) phonemes are the abstract units that form
the basis writing down a language systematically and unambiguously.
The variation of language produced by each language is influenced by
some factors including the phonological and phonotactic system or rule of that
language itself. Thus since the language are spoken, there must be phonetic
and phonology.

Through phonology one can describe the system and pattern of speech
sound in a language since it is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of
the sound in language rather than the actual physical articulation of speech
sound. According to Ramelan (1985:3) phonology is the study of phones or
speech sounds, while grammar is the study of meaningful unit of sounds and
their arrangement into longer utterances. Meanwhile phonetic is concerned
with the physical properties of speech sound, phonology deals with the
abstract or psychological level of sounds, the level of which speech sounds are
in our mind. Different elements in sound system between the native and the
foreign language may be several kinds. One of them is the existence of a given
sound in their letter, which is not found in his language.

The phonological system of a language includes various unit plus
patterns, which are used to combine the unit into larger units. The units of
phonological system including, features, segments (sounds), syllables and
words. Generally, language sound produced by human being can be divided
into two groups namely vowels and consonants. However in English there are
also diphthongs. English has 12 vowels, 9 diphthongs, and 24 consonants.
From those language sounds, it can be form a language utterance, such as
words, phrases, and sentences. Similarly, in the phonological system,
consonants and vowels correspond to make up the bigger unit called syllable.

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of the speech
sounds. It is a rhythmic unit of speech, which exists to make the speech stream
easier for the human mind to process. As a phonological system in general,
syllable also has its structure. It means that syllable made up under any pattern
and restriction. Syllable is typically made up by some element including the
essential part namely nucleus and the accompanying part namely onset and coda. The nucleus is normally a vowel while the onset and coda is normally consonant or consonant cluster. Commonly, a complete syllable simply described as CVC structure that is the initial C is the onset, V is the nucleus and the final C is the coda.

In syllable, we sometimes find a number of consonant that occur together. Those consonant are usually called consonant cluster. Just as a single consonant, consonant cluster may take any position in a syllable. They usually take the onset position and the coda position. It means that consonant cluster is accompanying the nucleus that becomes the core of the syllable. From a number of consonants in English, consonants are generally divided into two groups namely obstruent and resonant consonant. As consonant in general, obstruent and resonant consonant also has it role in the syllable structure.

They may take the onset position that is preceding the nucleus (vowel or the other sonorous element). They may also take the coda position that is following the nucleus. In order to take the onset or coda position, both obstruent and resonant may appear in the form of a single or in a cluster. However it is not easy to make up consonant cluster since there must be some restriction. Based on that phenomena, the researcher is attracted to studying those phenomena deeply, especially toward the relationship between each sound that is consonant in a syllable structures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2009-06-21T12:37:00.000-07:00

This is the CHAPTER IV (BIBLIOGRAPHY) of the research entitled " A Comparative Study between Mandarin and English Phonological System.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Kajian Bahasa: Struktur Internal, Pemakaian, dan Pemelajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Echols, John M. 1996. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Fries, Charles C. 1957. Linguistics Across Cultures. Michigan: University of Michigan.

Fromkin, Victoria and friends. 1988. An Introduction to Language. Australia: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Inc.

Hyman, Larry M. 1975.2^nd Australian ed. Phonology: Theory and Analysis. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Inc.

Mahsun. 2006. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.

Moleong, Lexy. 1989. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: CV. Remadja Karya.

Tim Kamus Universitas Peking. 2001. Kamus Praktis Indonesia – Tionghoa dan Tionghoa-Indonesia. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat.

Wibadayulastuti. 2003. A Comparative Study on the Bangkanese Malay and the English Phonological System. Yogyakarta: Ahmad Dahlan University.

ELECTRONIC SOURCE

“Allophone”. 15 February 2008.

“Phoneme”. March 27^th, 2008.

“Phonetics: Speech Sound”. 2005.

“Phonology: sound systems of language”. 2005.

“Pinyin”. October 2006. 18 December 2006

“Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese”. 18 December 2006. sinosplice.com/lang/pronunciation>

“Prosody (Linguistics). 22 February 2007.

“Segment”. March 2007.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/>

“Standard English”. April 2008.

“Standard Mandarin”. June 2007.

Previous chapter :
CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSIONS

2009-06-21T12:28:00.000-07:00

This is the CHAPTER IV (CONCLUSIONS) of the research entitled " A Comparative Study between Mandarin and English Phonological System.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusions
This research analyzes the difference phonemic system between Mandarin and English. The different speech sounds (phone) between English and Mandarin are in:

1. initial sounds
a) Labial :[b], [p],
b) Alveolar: [d], [t],
c) Velar [g], [k], [h],
d) Palatal: [j], [q], [x],
e) Dental sibilant: [z], [c],
f) Retroflex: [zh], [ch],
g) Other comments on initial letters in Mandarin Chinese: [y].
2. final sounds
a) Simple one vowel
It has some difference with English in the:
1) Mandarin pinyin “e” which is pronounced [ә];
2) Mandarin pinyin “i” which is pronounced [i] or [ә];
3) Mandarin pinyin “o” which is pronounced [w] or [u];
4) Mandarin pinyin “u” which is pronounced [u] or [ü];
b) Compound final sounds (two vowels/diphongs)
1) Mandarin pinyin “iao/yao” which is pronounced /yau/;
2) Mandarin pinyin “you” which is pronounced /you/;
3) Mandarin pinyin “-ou” which is pronounced /ou/
4) Mandarin pinyin “üe” which is pronounced /üe/
5) Mandarin pinyin “ uo” which is pronounced /uo/
c) Nasal final sounds
1) Front nasal
i. Mandarin pinyin “ian” which is pronounced /iәn/
ii. Mandarin pinyin “üan” which is pronounced / üan /
iii. Mandarin pinyin “ün” which is pronounced /ün/
2) Back Nasal
i. Mandarin pinyin “eng” which is pronounced /әŋ/
ii. Mandarin pinyin “ong” which is pronounced /uŋ/

The allophonic variations of Mandarin and English phone are very different. It is known that in English phonetics, an allophone is shown in [p], [t], and [k] phones. But in Mandarin, aspiration is not an allophone because Mandarin speakers treat aspirated sound as different sound.

For Mandarin speaker, an allophone occurs in vowel [o], [a], and [u].
The most contrastive suprasegmental phoneme between Mandarin and English is tone. In Mandarin, tone produces a different meaning when a syllable is produced with a different tone contour. Besides, English uses intonation to express emphasis, contrast, emotion, or other such atmospheres.

Previous chapter :
CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III FINDING AND DISCUSSION

2009-05-28T22:54:00.000-07:00

This is the CHAPTER III (FINDING AND DISCUSSION) of the research entitled " A Comparative Study between Mandarin and English Phonological System.

CHAPTER III
FINDING AND DISCUSSION

According to theories above, the researcher explains the result of the research in this chapter. The researcher focuses on solving some problems which have been mentioned in Chapter I.

A. The Comparison Between Mandarin and English Phoneme Dealing with the Phonemic System

1. Initial Sounds

The initial sounds in Mandarin consonants are almost similar to English consonant, but, it is important to know the detail differences between them.

a) Labial

Labial is a sound made which uses one or both of lips.

1) Mandarin Pinyin “b”

Mandarin pinyin “b” is pronounced [p] with no aspiration. For example, the word bā (eight) is pronounced /pa/ with flat tone. English also has this phone like the word cap which is pronounced /kæp/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [p] is able to be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it, because if [p] is placed as the initial syllable, it must be pronounced aspirated [ph].

2) Mandarin pinyin “p”

Mandarin pinyin “p” is pronounced [ph]. For example, the word pa (scare, fear) is pronounced /pha/ with falling tone. English also has this phone such as the word pen which is pronounced /phen/.

3) Mandarin Pinyin “m” and “f”

Mandarin pinyin “m” and “f” are pronounced the same as English [m] and [f]. For example, the words ma (mother) and fan (rice) are pronounced /ma/ and /fan/. The examples of these phones in English are words me and fee which are pronounced /mi/ and /fi:/.

b) Alveolar

Alveolar is a sound that is formed by tip of tongue with teeth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “d”

Mandarin pinyin “d” is pronounced [t] with no aspiration. For example, the word da (big) is pronounced /ta/. English also has this phone like the word bat which is pronounced /bæt/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [t] is able to be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it. Because if [t] is able to be placed as the initial syllable, it must be aspirated [th].

2) Mandarin pinyin “t”

Mandarin pinyin “t” is pronounced [th]. For example, the word ta (he/she) is pronounced /tha/ with flat tone. English also has this phone such as in the word tape which is pronounced /theip/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “l” and “n”

Mandarin pinyin “l” and “n” are pronounced the same as [l] and [n] in English. For example, the words lai (come) and nan (difficult) are pronounced /lai/ and /nan/. The examples in English are the words loose and need which are pronounced /lu:s/ and /ni:d/.

c) Velar

Velar is sound which is formed with the back of the tongue close to or touching the soft part of the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “g”

Mandarin pinyin “g” is pronounced [k] with no aspiration. For example, the word gan (sweet) is pronounced /kan/. English also has this phone like in word back which is pronounced /bæk/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [k] could be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it, because [k] which is placed in the initial position of word or syllable must be aspirated [kh].

2) Mandarin pinyin “k”

Mandarin pinyin “k” is pronounced [kh]. For example, the word kou (mouth) is pronounced /khou/. English also has this phone such as in the word cat which is pronounced /khæt/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “h”

Mandarin pinyin “h” is pronounced the same as [h] which English has. For example, the word hei (black) is pronounced /hei/. The example in English phone is in the word he which is pronounced /hi/.

d) Palatal

Palatal is sound which is formed with the back and middle part of the tongue close to or touching the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “j”

Mandarin pinyin “j” is pronounced [c] with no aspiration. The example is the word jiao (sleep) which is pronounced /ciau/.

2) Mandarin pinyin “q”

Mandarin pinyin “q” is pronounced [k + c] with no aspiration. The example is the word qian which is pronounced /k+cien/. This is a special sound that Mandarin has but English does not have this phone.

3) Mandarin pinyin “x”

Mandarin pinyin “x” is pronounced [s] using the tongue body (see picture 3-a above). The example is the word xi (west) which is pronounced /si/. English does not have this phone, but it is almost similar to [s] in the word see which is pronounced /si:/.

e) Dental Sibilant

Dental Sibilant is sound which is formed with the tip of the tongue close to or touching the back of the upper front teeth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “z”

Mandarin pinyin “z” is pronounced [ts] without aspiration, but with an air pressure. It is almost similar to the “ts” in hats in English. The example is the word zi (son) which is pronounced /tsә /. In Mandarin, this is a phone, not a phoneme, because, it is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units. So, English does not have this sound as a phone.

2) Mandarin Pinyin “c”

Mandarin pinyin “c” is pronounced [tsh] with aspiration and almost similar to the "tsh" sound in "it's heavy". The example is the word can (shy) which is pronounced /tshan/. In Mandarin, this is a phone, not a phoneme, because, it is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units. So, English does not have this sound as phone.

3) Mandarin pinyin “s”

Mandarin pinyin “s” is pronounced [s] using the tongue tip (see picture 3-a above). The example is the word sì (four) which is pronounced /sә/. English has this phone. It is almost similar to [s].

f) Retroflex

Retroflex is sound which is formed with the tongue curled back so that it touches (or almost touches) the hard part of the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin Pinyin “zh”

In this sound, the tongue is thrown forward from the curled back position. It is pronounced [thsr] with no aspiration in English. It is almost similar to “rch” in “church”. The example is the word zhi (this) which is pronounced /thsrә /. English does not have this sound as a phone because in Mandarin this is a phone, not a phoneme. It is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units.

2) Mandarin pinyin “ch”

Mandarin pinyin “ch” is pronounced [ch] with aspiration. The example is the word che (eat) which is pronounced /chә /. This is a kind special sound that Mandarin has but English does not have this phone because there is no [c] with aspiration in English.

3) Mandarin Pinyin “sh”

Mandarin pinyin “sh” is pronounced [ ∫ ]. The example is the word shí (ten) which is pronounced / ∫ә /. English also has this kind of phone like the word she which is pronounced / ∫i /.

4) Mandarin pinyin “r”

Mandarin pinyin “r” is pronounced [r]. The example is the word ri (sun) which is pronounced /rә/. English has this phone. It is similar to [r] in the word race which is pronounced /reis/.

g) Other Comments on Initial Letters in Mandarin Chinese

1) Mandarin pinyin “w”

In Mandarin, this is a special case that the syllable "wu" is pronounced [u]. The example is the word wŭ (five) which is pronounced /u/. This case will be explained in allophone session. In general case, phone [w] is found in the word weì which is pronounced /wei/. English also has this kind of phone like the word we which is pronounced / wi /.

2) Mandarin pinyin “y”

In Mandarin, this is a special case the syllable “yi” is pronounced [i], and the syllable “yu” is pronounced [ü]. The example is the word yu (language) which is pronounced /ü/. It is similar when a native speaker of English says "yeee", then keeps the tongue exactly where it is and let the sound continue while the lip shape like saying “yuuu”.

2. Final Sounds

Final sounds in Mandarin contain some vowels. Some of them are simple final sound which contains one vowel; and compound and nasal final sounds which contain more than one vowel or nasal sounds.

a) Simple Final Sounds (One Vowel)

1) Mandarin pinyin “a”

Mandarin pinyin “a” is always pronounced [a], like the word mā (mother). It is pronounced /ma/ in high level flat tone. It is the same as [a] in the word nà (that). It is pronounced /na/ in falling tone. English also has this phone like in the word larva which is pronounced /larvә/.

2) Mandarin pinyin “e”

In Mandarin language there is no [æ]. The letter “e” is always pronounced [ә]. For example, the word dēng (lamp) is pronounced /tәng/. But in some cases pinyin “e” will be pronounced [e] when it is connected with other vowel. This case will be explained in the session of compound vowel sounds and allophone variations. English also has this phone like in the word larva which is pronounced /larvә/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “i”

Mandarin pinyin “i” is pronounced [i] as almost languages in the world have it. For example, the word nĭ (you) is pronounced [ni]. There are specific cases with vowel “i”. The first case is if the initial sounds are retroflex [ch], [zh], [sh], [r] or dental sibilant [c], [s], [z]; the “i” is pronounced [ә]. For example in the word lǎoshī (teacher) is pronounced /laushә/.

4) Mandarin pinyin “o”

Mandarin pinyin “o” is sometimes pronounced [o] when the initial phone is [w] or [u]. But it will be pronounced [u] when it is connected to several phones. This will be explained in compound final sounds and nasal final sounds.

5) Mandarin pinyin “u”

In many cases pinyin “u” is pronounced [u], but there is a special case. It is pronounced [ü] when the beginning of the syllables is pinyin “j” [c], “q” [k+c], “x” [s], or “y” [i]. For example, the word qu (go) which is pronounced /k+cü/. This will be explained in session allophone.

b) Compound Final Sounds (two vowels)

This type of final sounds is the same as diphthong. It is two vowels which are compounded and make new phone or phoneme. Generally it is almost the same as English diphthong except in some cases, Mandarin has own rules.

1) Mandarin pinyin “ai”

Mandarin pinyin “ai” is pronounced /ai/. For example, the word mǎi (to buy) is pronounced /mai/. The phoneme /ai/ is similar to the word I in English. So, this diphthong is also owned by English phonetic system.

2) Mandarin pinyin “ao”

Mandarin pinyin “ao” is pronounced /aw/. For example, the word hǎo (good/nice) is pronounced /haw/. It is similar to the word how in English. So, this diphthong is also owned by English phonetic system.

3) Mandarin pinyin “-ei”

Mandarin pinyin “ei” is pronounced /ei/. Both Mandarin and English have this phone. The example in English is the word lay which is pronounced /lei/ and in Mandarin, weì (Hello in telephone) is pronounced /wei/.

4) Mandarin pinyin “ia” or “ya”

Mandarin pinyin “ia” or “ya” are pronounced /ia/. Both Mandarin and English have this diphthong phone. The example in English is the word via which is pronounced /via/ and in Mandarin deng yixia (wait a minute) is pronounced /təng i:sia/.

5) Mandarin pinyin “iao” or “yao”

Mandarin pinyin “iao” or “yao” is pronounced /yau/; the example is the word xiao (small) which is pronounced /syau/. English does not have this diphthong’s phone.

6) Mandarin pinyin “ie” or”ye”

Mandarin pinyin “ie” or “ye” is pronounced /ye/ by native speaker of Mandarin. The example is the word xie (to write) which is pronounced /sie/.

7) Mandarin pinyin “you”

Mandarin pinyin “you” is pronounced /you/, the example is the word méi yŏu (nothing or does not have) which is pronounced /mei:you/. English does not have this kind of diphthong.

8) Mandarin pinyin “-ou”

Mandarin pinyin “ou” is pronounced /ou/ with a stressing in the [o]. For example, in the word gŏu (dog) is pronounced /kou/ with a stressing in the phone [o]. English phonetic system does not have this kind of diphthong, yet Mandarin has it.

9) Mandarin pinyin “wa”

Mandarin pinyin “wa” is pronounced /wa/. Both Mandarin and English have this phoneme. For example, in English the word wow is pronounced /waw/ and in Mandarin, the word qīngwā (frog) is pronounced /k+ciŋwa/.

10) Mandarin pinyin “-uai”

Mandarin pinyin “uai” is pronounced /wai/. For example, the word kuài (hurry) is pronounced /khwai/. English does not have this phoneme.

11) Mandarin pinyin “-üe”

Mandarin pinyin “üe” is pronounced / üe /. For example, the word xüé (to study) is pronounced /süe/. English does not have this kind of phoneme.

12) Mandarin pinyin “uo”

Mandarin pinyin “uo” is pronounced /uo/ just like in the word shuō (to talk). It is pronounced /∫uo/. English does not have this diphthong phoneme.

c) Nasal Final Sounds

Nasal final sounds are single or compound vowel followed by [n] or [ŋ] as the final phone of a syllable. Nasals are pronounced through the nose. In Mandarin Chinese, a sound which ends with [n] (an alveolar nasal) is known as front nasals, while a sound which ends with [ŋ] (a velar nasal) is known as back nasals.

1) Front Nasal

i. Mandarin pinyin “an”

Mandarin pinyin “an” is pronounced /an/. The example is the word kàn (to see/to watch) which is pronounced /khan/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in the word fun which is pronounced /fan/.

ii. Mandarin pinyin “en”

Mandarin pinyin “en” is pronounced /әn/. For example, the word fēn (divide) is pronounced /fәn/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in word moment which is pronounced /mowmәnt/.

iii. Mandarin pinyin “ian”

Mandarin pinyin “ian” is pronounced /ian/. For example, the word qian (money) is pronounced /k+cien/. This is a kind of allophone “e” in Mandarin and will be discussed in allophone variation session.

iv. Mandarin pinyin “in”

Mandarin pinyin “in” is pronounced /in/. The example is the word xīn (new) which is pronounced /sin/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in word bin which is pronounced /bin/.

v. Mandarin pinyin “üan”

Mandarin pinyin “uan” is pronounced /üan/. For example, the word xuán (to spin) is pronounced /süan/. English does not have final /wan/ in its phonetic system.

vi. Mandarin pinyin “ün”

This sound occurs only in the syllables jun /cün/, qun /k+cün/, xun /sün/ and yun /ün/. English absolutely does not have this kind of the phoneme as the final syllable.

2) Back Nasal

i. Mandarin pinyin “-eng”

In Mandarin, pinyin “eng” is pronounced /әŋ/ like in the word neng (can/able) which is pronounced /nәŋ/. English does not have this phonetic system.

ii. Mandarin pinyin “-ang”

Mandarin pinyin “ang” is pronounced /aŋ/, e.g. the word yinháng (bank) is pronounced /i:nhaŋ/. English has this phonetic system just like in word swung which is pronounced /swaŋ/.

iii. Mandarin pinyin “-ing”

Mandarin pinyin “ing” is pronounced /iŋ/. The example is in the word líng (zero) which is pronounced /liŋ/. English has this phoneme as the final syllable such as in word swimming which is pronounced /swimmiŋ/.

iv. Mandarin pinyin “-ong”

Mandarin pinyin “ong” is pronounced /uŋ/ like in word long (dragon) which is pronounced /luŋ/. English does not have this phonetic system.

d) Special Case of the Final [~r]

Sometimes the syllable "er" () is added to the end of words – especially on nouns. This is the most common in Chinese spoken by people from Beijing. yidianr (a little) is pronounced /itien~r/. Basically, this added [~r] changes the pronunciation of the previous syllable, so that the entire final part of the syllable is pronounced as a retroflex with an [~r] at the end. In short, the [~r] moves the pronunciation of the syllable backwards in the mouth.

A. The Comparison of the Allophone Variations of Mandarin and English Phone

It is known that in English phonetics, an allophone is shown in [p], [t], and [k] phones. [pʰ] in pin and [p] in spin are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English because they occur in complementary distribution. English speakers generally treat these as the same sound, but they are different; the first is aspirated and the second is unaspirated (plain). Plain [p] also occurs like the “p” in cap /kæp/, or the second “p” in paper /pʰeipɚ/. In contexts where plain p appears in English like spin, cap, paper, speakers may hear it like /b/ since the “p” in these contexts lacks the burst of air found with the “p” in pin.

In Mandarin, aspiration is not an allophone because Mandarin speakers treat aspirated sound as different sound (Huang and Friends, 1997). [t] is different phone from [th]. It is not like in English phonetic system. Besides, for Mandarin speaker an allophone occurs in vowel [o], [a], and [u].

1. Allophone of Mandarin [o]

The allophone of Mandarin [o] occurs when [o] begins with [u]; and when it begins with any phone which ends with nasal [ŋ]. When phone [o] begins with initial sound [u] or [w], the phone [o] sounds like the standard IPA’s [o]. For example, the word wŏ (I/me) it is pronounced /wo/. But, when [o] begins with any phone which is ended with nasal [ŋ], the phone [o] becomes [u]. The example in the word lōng (dragon) will be pronounced /luŋ/.

2. Allophone of Mandarin [u]

The Allophone of Mandarin [u] occurs when [u] begins with palatal as the initials. The phone [u] becomes [ü]. The examples of syllables which should be pronounced [u], but pronounced [ü] are as follows:

1) Ju (to catch) is pronounced [cü]

2) qu (go) is pronounced [k+cü]

3) xue (to study) is pronounced [süe]

4) yu (language) is pronounced [ü], the initial consonant is not pronounced.

3. Allophone of Mandarin [a]

Mandarin has phone [a] like the word mā (mother) which is pronounced [ma]. But there is an allophone of [a] in mandarin. The allophone of [a] occurs when [a] begins with [i] and ends with nasal [n]. The phone [a] becomes [e]. The example is the word qian (money) which is not pronounced [k+cian] but it is pronounced [k+cien].

B. The Comparison Between Mandarin and English Suprasegmental Phoneme

In this research, the researcher only focuses on one suprasegmental phoneme, the Tone or pitch of the language. The researcher focuses on it because the tone is the most contrastive within both languages English and Mandarin. Alwarg states that tonal languages such as Mandarin also contain lexical tones, tones which produce a different meaning when a syllable is produced with a different tone contour (2007: par. 7). Besides, English uses intonation to express emphasis, contrast, emotion, or other such atmospheres.

In Mandarin Chinese there are four tones:

1. The 1^st tone is marked with a line ("ma" + "^-" = "mā").

This is a high and constant tone; it is a steady high sound.

2. The 2^nd tone is marked with a rising line ("ma" + "´" = "má").

This is a rising tone that grows stronger; it is a sound that rises from mid-level tone to high.

3. The 3^rd tone is marked with a hook ("ma" + "^v" = "mă").

This tone is first falling and fading, then rising and growing strong. It has a mid-low to low descent; at the end of a sentence or before a pause, it is then followed by a rising pitch.

4. The 4^th tone is marked with a falling line ("ma" + "`" = "mà").

This is a quickly falling and fading tone. It features a sharp downward accent from high to low, and is a shorter tone, similar to curt commands (“tones and marking of tones”, 2006: par.1).

Mandarin not only has the allophone, but also allotone. An allotone is one of several similar tones that belong to the same phoneme which depends on the sequences of tone (“Standard Mandarin-tones”, 2007:par. 2). When a Mandarin native speaker pronounces a sequence of tones, the tones will not always remain the same. The most common details to be noted are:

1. The word yī which is meant "one" is usually of the 1^st tone. However this word will be pronounced with the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 4^th tone. It will be pronounced with the 4^th tone when directly preceding the 2^nd or the 3^rd tones. Example: yīgè is pronounced as yígè, while yīběn is pronounced as yìběn.

2. The word bù (no) is usually of the 4^th tone. However this word will be pronounced with the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 4^th tone. Example: bùshì (is not) is pronounced as búshì

3. Every syllable that is usually pronounced with the 3^rd tone will turn into the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 3^rd tone. For example: liăng běn shū (two books) is pronounced as "liáng běn shū.

Previous chapter :
CHAPTER I
CHAPETR II

6.Phonological System of English

2009-05-28T22:38:00.000-07:00

The phones of English are divided into two main categories: vowels and consonants.

a) Vowel
Vowels are speech sounds that are produced without significant constriction of airflow through the vocal tract. Tongue position during pronunciation is the most critical factor affecting English vowels, although lip position plays a part, too. (“Phonetics: Speech Sound”, 2005: par.12)
It is said in another article that a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! /ɑː/ or oh! /oʊ/, pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. (“Vowel”, 2008: par.1).

From the explanation above, the vowels in English is speech sounds which are produced by human speech organ. The vocal tract is opened, so that the airflow passes without any obstruction. In English’s writing systems based on the Latin alphabet, the letters A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes W and Y are all used to represent vowels. In many languages, including English, there are other more complex vowels, called diphthongs, which have a sound that glides from one vowel quality to another because the tongue moves around as it is spoken, such as /bait/ in word bite.

b) Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx. Consonants have an obstruction somewhere in the vocal tract as the speech sound is produced.
The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. Consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z, and usually Y: The letter Y stands for the consonant [j] in "yoke", and for the vowel [ɪ] in "myth".

Each consonant can be distinguished by several features:
1) The manner of articulation is the method that the consonant is articulated, such as nasal (through the nose), stop (complete obstruction of air), or approximant (vowel like).

2) The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. Places include bilabial (both lips), alveolar (tongue against the gum ridge), and velar (tongue against soft palate). Additionally, there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation, such as palatalisation.

3) The phonation of a consonant is how the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. When the vocal cords vibrate fully, the consonant is called voiced; when they do not vibrate at all, it's voiceless.

Previous topic : 5. The History of English

5.History of English

2009-05-16T16:39:00.000-07:00

This part is the sub topic of Theoretical Framework in Chapter II Theoretical Approach and Framework of the research entitled "A Comparative study between Mandarin and English phonological System".
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The earliest known residents of the British Isles were the Celts, who spoke Celtic languages—a separate branch of the Indo-European language family tree. Over the centuries the British Isles were invaded and conquered by various peoples, who brought their languages and customs with them as they settled in their new lives. There is now very little Celtic influence left in English. The earliest time when we can say that English was spoken was in the 5th century CE (Common Era—a politically correct term used to replace AD).

The connection of word “England” is from “Engla Land” or “Angle Land” (Land of the Angles, a people of northern old Germany). Their name lives on in the district of England named East Anglia, and also in the Anglican Church. In the present day there is still a region of Germany known as Angeln, which is likely the same area from which the original Angles came. Angeln lies in Schleswig-Holstein on the eastern side of the Jutland peninsula near the cities of Flensburg and Schleswig.

Previous topic : 4. Phonological System of Mandarin

4. Phonological System of Mandarin

2009-05-16T16:05:00.000-07:00

The phonemic structure of Mandarin is quite simple. Each character corresponds to one syllable (which corresponds to a part of an English word, and entire word or more than one word). Chinese syllables consist of three elements: initial sound, final sound and tone. The initial sounds are consonants and the final sounds contain at least one vowel. Some syllables consist only of an initial sound or a final sound.

a) Consonant (Initial sound)

In Mandarin Chinese there are 21 initial sounds:

	Unaspirated	Aspirated	Nasal	Voiceless fricative	Voiced fricative
Labial	b	p	m	f
Alveolar	d	t	n		l
Velar	g	k		h
Palatal	j	q		x
Dental sibilant	z	c		s
Retroflex	zh	ch		sh	r

(“Mandarin Chinese Phonetics”, 2008: par.2)

b) Vowel (Final sound)

In Mandarin Chinese there are 29 final sounds:

6 simple finals:

a, e, i, o, u, ü

13 compound finals:

ai, ao, ei, ia, iao, ie, iou, ou, ua, uai, üe, uei, uo

10 nasal finals:

6 front nasals: an, en, ian, in, üan, ün

4 back nasals: ang, eng, ing, ong

(“Mandarin Chinese Phonetics”, 2008: par.2)

c) Tone

In Chinese it is always very important to pronounce words with correct tone. In transliterated Chinese, tone markings are written over the central vowels in most syllables. Some syllables have no specific tone or zero tone, and then no sign is put above any vowel. In Mandarin Chinese there are four tones:

1) The 1^st tone is marked with a line ("ma" + "^-" = "mā"). This is a high, even and constant tone.

2) The 2^nd tone is marked with a rising line ("ma" + "´" = "má"). This is a rising tone that grows stronger.

3) The 3^rd tone is marked with a hook ("ma" + "^v" = "mă"). This tone is first falling and fading, then rising and growing strong.

4) The 4^th tone is marked with a falling line ("ma" + "`" = "mà"). This is a quickly falling and fading tone. (“Tones and Marking of Tones”, 2006: par.1)

There is a tone which is different from those four tones, it sounds like gliding tone. It is also known as “neutral tone”. The tone is usually placed at the end where the previous syllable ended. The neutral tone is particularly difficult for non-native speakers to master correctly because it is so rarely used.

previous topic : 3. The History of Mandarin (Chinese Language)

TYPES OF ENGLISH SENTENCE USED IN "BRIEFING" COLUMN OF TIME MAGAZINE

2009-05-08T04:00:00.000-07:00

TYPES OF ENGLISH SENTENCE USED IN "BRIEFING" COLUMN OF TIME MAGAZINE

By
Lisman Miranda
04026061

ABSTRACT

The research entitled Types of English Sentence Used in "Briefing" Column of Time Magazine is intended to explain English sentences in Time magazine. The discussion involves types of sentence, patterns of sentence and types of sentence which is frequently used in Time magazine.

The research is qualitative research because the data are in the form of word. The number of data which is taken by the writer from Time magazine consists of 290 data. Besides, noting techniques is chosen as a method of collecting data. Furthermore, to analyze the data.

The results of the study shows that there are four types of sentence used in Time magazine, they are: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound-complex sentence. In addition, the sentence patterns that are used in Time magazine include SV, SVC, SVO, SVA, SVOC, SVOA, and SVOO. For the last, the analysis prove that the simple sentence becomes the most frequently type of sentence that is used in Time magazine, which takes place 175 out of 290 or 60.34 % of sentence. It means that simple sentence becomes the most alternative choices of sentence of Time magazine. It is understood that it is very simple and easy to be understood; so, it will make the reader easy to get information in a great quantity presenting in Time magazine. On the contrary, SVO is the most frequently of sentence pattern used in Time magazine

3. The History of Mandarin (Chinese Language)

2009-04-21T15:29:00.000-07:00

This part is the sub topic of Theoretical Framework in Chapter II Theoretical Approach and Framework of the research entitled "A Comparative study between Mandarin and English phonological System".

Since ancient history, the Chinese language has always consisted of a wide variety of dialects. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán, or "elegant speech". It is a little bit different from daily dialects. Besides, text during the Han Dynasty refers to tōngyǔ, or "common language". However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elites, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects was a written standard, not a spoken one.

The Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) began to use the term guānhuà or "official speech". It refers to the speech used at the courts. The term "Mandarin" comes directly from the Portuguese. The word mandarin was first used to name the Chinese bureaucratic officials (i.e., the mandarins), because the Portuguese, under the misapprehension that the Sanskrit word (mentri) that was used throughout Asia to denote "an official" which had some connection with the Portuguese word mandar (to order somebody to do something), and having observed that these officials all "issued orders", chose to call them mandarins. Because of this case, the Portuguese immediately started to use the special language that these officials spoke amongst themselves as "Guanhua" "the language of the mandarins", "the mandarin language" or, simply, "Mandarin". It is a fact that Guanhua was, to a certain extent, an artificial language based upon a set of conventions. It is precisely what makes it such an appropriate term for Modern Standard Chinese (i.e., Northern Chinese family of languages for grammar and meaning, and the specific pronunciation of Beijing for its utterance).

It seems that during the early part of this period, Beijing dialect became increased. In the 17th century, the Empire had set up an Academy as an effort to make pronunciation conform to the Beijing standard. But these attempts just had little success. At 19th century, it is difficult for the emperor to understand some of his own ministers in court, who did not always try to follow any standard pronunciation. Nevertheless, by 1909, fall of Qing Dynasty had established the Beijing dialect as guóyǔ, or the "national language".

After the Republic of China was established in 1912, there was more success in promoting a common national language. A Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation was convened with delegates from the entire country. At first there was an attempt to introduce a standard pronunciation with elements from regional dialects. But this was deemed too difficult to promote, and in 1924 this attempt was abandoned and the Beijing dialect became the major source of standard national pronunciation, due to the status of that dialect as a prestigious dialect since the Qing Dynasty. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language, but as exceptions rather than the rule.

In 1949, the Republic of China People continued the effort. In 1955, guóyǔ was renamed pǔtōnghuà or "common speech. After the handovers of Hong Kong, the term pǔtōnghuà is used in Special Administrative Regions of the People Republic of China, and the pinyin system is widely used.

In both mainland China and Taiwan, the use of Standard Mandarin is the main language used in the educational system. As a result, Standard Mandarin is spoken fluently by most people in Mainland China and in Taiwan. However in Hong Kong, due to historical and linguistic reasons, the language of education and both formal and informal speech remains the local Standard Cantonese but standard Mandarin is becoming increase.

The advent of the 20th century has seen many profound changes in Standard Mandarin. Many polite and humble words which were in use in imperial China have almost entirely disappeared in daily modern-day’s conversation. Standard Mandarin, such as jiàn (my humble) and guì (your honorable).

2. Phonological System

2009-04-21T07:40:00.000-07:00

This part is the sub topic of Theoretical Framework in Chapter II Theoretical Approach and Framework of the research entitled "A Comparative study between Mandarin and English phonological System".

a) Phonology & Phonetics
Phonology is the study of sound systems and abstract sound units such as phonemes and distinctive features. In phonology, there is a subfield of segmental phonology. It deals with the analysis of speech into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analyzed speech. (“Segments”, 2007: par. 4).
Fromkin and friends (1990: 64) state that Phonology is the study of the sound patterns of human language; it is also the kind of knowledge that speaker has about the sound patterns of their particular language. According to Hyman (1975: 2), Phonology has been defined as the study of sound systems, that is, the study of speech sounds structure and function in languages.
According to Fromkin and friends, Phonetics is the study of speech sounds that are utilized by all human language to represent meanings (1990: 27). Another source states that Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds (phones), and their production, audition and perception (“Segments”, 2007: par. 6).
According to Hyman, a phonetic study tells how the sounds of a language are made and what their acoustic properties are. A phonological study tells how these sounds are used to convey meaning (1975: 2).

Phonetics has three main branches:
1) articulatory phonetics, concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, vocal tract and folds and other speech organs in producing speech;

2) acoustic phonetics, concerned with the properties of the sound waves and how they are received by the inner ear; and

3) auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input which is received.

There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the International Phonetic Association and transcribed in their International Phonetic Alphabet. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in spoken language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech such as tooth-gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extended IPA is commonly used.(International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008: par. 1)

b) Phoneme
It is known that phoneme is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning. Phonemic is a transcription that only indicates the different phonemes of a language. Such transcriptions are enclosed within virgules (slashes), / /; these show that each enclosed symbol is described as phonemically meaningful. Besides, a transcription that indicates more detail, such as allophonic variation is called phonetic, and is enclosed in square brackets, [ ]. (“Phoneme”, 2008: par. 1)
Fries states that phonemes are not a letter although sometimes a letter of alphabet may represent a phoneme, as the p in pin, but a phoneme is never a letter; it is a unit of sound. Hanzi Chinese does not have alphabetical letter, yet it has phonemes. (1957: 9). Phoneme is different from letter; the letter p in telegraph does not represent the phoneme /p/ there.
According to Fromkin and friends (1990: 66), the first rule to determine the phonemes of any language is when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string is called minimal pair. Another source states that phonemes could be assigned if two sounds which are phonetically similar occur in the same phonetic environment, and if the substitution of one sound for the other results in a difference meaning (Hyman, 1975: 60). For examples of minimal pairs are sip and zip; man and can; run and fun; those words are minimal pairs.

c) Allophone
In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme; speakers of a particular language perceive a phoneme as a single distinctive sound in that language. Thus an allophone is a phone considered as a member of one phoneme (“Allophone”, 2007: par.1). For example, [pʰ] as in pin and [p] as in spin are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language because they occur in complementary distribution. English speakers generally treat these as the same sound, but they are different; the first is aspirated and the second is unaspirated (plain). Plain [p] also occurs as the p in cap [kæp], or the second p in paper [pʰeɪ.pɚ]. In contexts where plain p appears in English like spin, cap, paper, speakers may hear it as b since the p in these contexts lacks the burst of air found with the “p” in pin.

d) Suprasegmental Phoneme or Prosody.
In phonetics, segment is used primarily “to refer to any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech”. (“Segment”, 2007: par.1). So that, segment is a phonetic alphabet which represents individual speech sound. Besides, suprasegmental phoneme is acoustic properties of speech that cannot be predicted from a local window on the orthographic (or similar) transcription. (“Prosody”, 2007: par.1). These properties are pitch, length, and stress. In this research, the researcher only focuses on pitch (tone).

A speaker in all language has an ability to control the pitch of his voice including when a speaker is speaking. There are two kinds of controlled pitch movement; it is high-voice pitch and low-voice pitch. These movements are known in human language as tone.

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. All languages use intonation to express emphasis, contrast, emotion, or other such atmospheres, but not every language uses tone to distinguish lexical meaning (“Tone”, 2007: par.1). According to the explanation about tone, it is very closely related to the pitch, or frequency of the voice. According to Laver in Man Gao, there are two types of tone system: word-based tone system and syllable-based tone system. Some languages -such as English- use word-based tone system whose pitch is associated with the entire word. But Mandarin Language uses syllable-based tone system whose pitch is associated with the syllable (2002: 6-7).

Tone Language is a language that uses pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings (Hyman, 1975: 85). Tonal language has two broad categories: Register tone systems and contour tone systems. Register tone systems is tones that signal meaning differences. But in some languages, tones change pitch on single syllables. Moving pitches that signal meaning differences are called contour tone system.
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Other Topics of research are here.

A SEMANTIC STUDY OF IDIOMS USED IN ANTOINE FUQUA’S TEARS OF THE SUN

2009-04-21T07:25:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled A Semantic Study of Idioms Used in Antoine Fuqua’s Tears of the Sun is aimed at giving the description of idioms in the film. It focuses on the forms and the types of Idiom and the relationship between the idiomatic meaning and the literal meaning of individual words of the Idiom commonly used in the film.

This research belongs to qualitative type. It does not use any statistical procedure. The writer takes Idioms in the film. The process of collecting the data analysis includes data reduction, data display and data conclusion drawing. First, data reduction is done. In this stage, the data are selected. Data reduction involves the film which contains the idiom. The second step is display. The selected data are analyzed and classified. The idiom is classified into the forms and types and the relationship between the idiomatic meaning and the literal meaning of individual words in idiom. Based on the display of the data, the idiom words in Tears of the Sun film are analyzed carefully to find out the forms and types of idiom and the relationship between the idiomatic meaning and the literal meaning of individual words in idiom.

The result of the study shows that the idioms found in Tears of the Sun film are based on the forms and types and the relationship between the idiomatic meaning and the literal meaning of individual words in idiom. The forms of idiom found are idiom of two-merged verb, idiom of three merged verb, idiom of separable verb, and idiom of inseparable verb. The types of idiom found are ideational idiom, interpersonal idiom and relational idiom. The relationship between the idiomatic meaning and the literal meaning of the Idiom can be analyzed into idiomatic meaning merged literal meaning, idiomatic meaning added some part of literal meaning, and idiomatic meaning is different from literal meaning’s

COHESION IN THE COMIC STRIP “THE BORN LOSER” IN THE JAKARTA POST

2009-04-11T08:31:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled “Cohesion in The Comic Strip The Born Loser in The Jakarta Post” is intended to reveal the cohesive ties formed in the comic strips The Born Loser in Jakarta Post and the portion of each of the types that takes place.

This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research since the data are presented qualitatively and analyzed descriptively. It describes the condition of the data in whatever it is. The object of the research is grammatical and lexical cohesion in the comic strip The Born Loser in Jakarta Post. The researcher takes the data from The Jakarta Post daily newspaper. In collecting the data, this research is done by using observation method to the determined comic strips and tapping technique. The researcher discusses based on the types of cohesion in the comic strip the Born Loser by observing cohesive items in each sentence number of each edition and describing distance of items and also finding out presupposed item. Finally, she accounts the portion of each the types that take place.

This research shows that the types of cohesion in the comic strip the Born Loser are reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, reiteration and collocation. While, most of the direction is anaphoric with the presupposed element preceding. The forms of presupposition are immediate tie, mediated tie and remote tie and also there are some formed ties which are both mediated and remote. Then, it also shows the distance separating the presupposing from the presupposed item that is the number of intervening sentences. Whereas, from the data of the identified cohesive items, the greatest portion of the grammatical cohesion type is reference and the lowest is substitution. While reiteration particularly repetition is the greatest portion of the lexical cohesion type and the lowest is synonym. Of the grammatical cohesion, the reference is about 53.33%, substitution is about 2.66%, ellipsis is about 27.11%, and conjunction is about 16.88%. Reference type particularly personal reference is more dominant than others as it, in the text, acts to keep track of participants throughout the text. Whereas, the lowest frequency is substitution particularly verbal substitution because, to avoid the redundancy of repetition of lexical item is more effective by omitting. While, from the lexical cohesion, reiteration is about 71.31% and collocation is about 28.67%. While the form of reiteration particularly repetition form is the most dominant because it is to keep track the timing, characters and events. Whereas, the synonym is the lowest frequency because to state the same meaning in repetition form more often is stronger impressive than in synonym form.

MAXIM ANALYSIS ON PRAIRIE SONGS BY PAM CONRAD: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

2009-04-11T08:17:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled Maxim Analysis on Prairie Songs by Pam Conrad; a Pragmatic Study tries to analyze the utterances uttered by the characters in the novel Prairie Songs by Pam Conrad dealing with observance and non-observance in applying Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle. The objectives of the research are to identify the kinds of maxim in the utterances uttered by characters in Prairie Song, and to find out violations of maxim in the utterances uttered by characters in Prairie Songs.

This descriptive qualitative research uses pragmatic approach which refers to the speaker and the hearer as the participants in communication. In this analysis, the writer uses noting and recording technique to collect the data, then it is followed by its following techniques. The obtained data from the object of the research are analyzed by using Referential Method .

The result of the analysis shows that the writer finds ninety utterances which have obeyed and violated maxim. From those identified utterances, forty six utterances have obeyed cooperative principle while twenty four utterances have obeyed politeness principle, and also eighteen utterances have violated cooperative principle; those are quality maxim, quantity maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim.

A SYNTACTIC STUDY OF SENTENCES USED IN LIVE FOOTBALL COMMENTARY

2009-03-22T08:54:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “A Syntactic Study of Sentences Used in Live Football Commentary” is intended to find out the syntactic characteristics and the frequency of occurrence of syntactic characteristic of football commentary.

This research uses descriptive qualitative method because the researcher describes the data in whatever they are and the produced data are more in the form of words rather than numbers. The researcher uses the sentence delivered by football commentator as the data source of this research. The techniques used in collecting the data are recording technique, transfering technique, and noting technique. The researcher records the football matches and then she takes some notes of the sentences delivered by the football commentator and finally she transfers the data into data cards. In analysing the data, the researcher applies descriptive technique. The researcher identifies and classifies the syntactic characteristic of the collected data, and then she presents the data in the form of sentence, she then counts each of the syntactic characteristic forms and presents it in the form of table.

The result shows that the syntactic characteristics used in live football commentary are syntactic reduction, syntactic inversion, heavy noun modification, routine and formula, and tense usage. The higest frequency is the syntactic reduction. The lowest percentage is the use of routine and formula.

A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE IDIOMS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST SHORT STORIES

2009-03-22T08:42:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled A Semantic Analysis of the Idioms Used in The Jakarta Post Short Stories is aimed at giving the description of idioms in the Jakarta post short stories. It focuses on the kinds of idiom and the relationship between the literal meaning and the idiomatic meaning of the idiom commonly used in the Jakarta post short stories.

This research belongs to qualitative type. It does not use any statistical procedure. The writer takes idioms in the Jakarta post short stories. The process of collecting the data analysis includes data reduction, data display and conclusion. First, data reduction is done. In this stage, the data are selected. Data reduction involves the short story which contains the idiom. The second step is display. The selected data are classified. The idiom is classified into the kinds and the relationship between the literal meaning and the idiomatic meaning. Based on the display of the data, the idiom words in the Jakarta post short stories are analyzed carefully to find out the kinds of idiom and the relationship between the literal meaning and the idiomatic meaning of the idiom.

The result of the study shows that the idioms found in the Jakarta post short stories are based on the kinds and the relationship between the literal meaning and the idiomatic meaning. The kinds of idiom found are endocentric and exocentric idiom. The relationship between the literal meaning and the idiomatic meaning of the idiom can be analyzed into fully endocentric, partly endocentric and partly exocentric, and fully exocentric.

AN ANALYSIS OF FORM AND MEANING OF CONNOTATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN SEKAR LANGUAGE USED BY KOKAS SOCIETY, FAKFAK

2009-03-19T00:57:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research is entitled “An Analysis of Form and Meaning of Connotative Expressions Used by Kokas Society, Fakfak”. The objectives of this research are: (1) finding out the form of connotative expressions used by Kokas Society and (2) finding out the kinds of meaning of connotative expressions used by Kokas Society

In this study the writer uses descriptive method to analyze and to describe the data. Based on the earlier statement, the subject of the study is the connotative expressions used by Kokas society And the object of the study is form and meaning of connotative expressions used by Kokas Society. In collecting the data, the writer uses an observation and interview to get the data about the forms and kinds of meanings of connotative expression in Sekar language Kakas society. And, to analyze it, the writer applies the three steps conducting the research; they are presenting the data, analyzing the data, and finding out the result of the research.

The writer finds several forms of connotative expressions and meanings contained of in his research. Connotative Expressions Used by Kokas Society have several forms, namely: (1) idiom, (2) parable, (3) aphorism, (4) proverb. And, the kinds of meanings of Connotative Expressions in Sekar language are people interpretation by plants, people interpretation by animal, people interpretation by daily things, people interpretation by the organ, people interpretation by nature, implicit meaning of daily conversation which always describes moral value and philosophy of life Kokas Society, Fakfak.

THE ANALYSIS OF LAW JARGON USED IN JHON GRISHAM’S "THE CHAMBER"

2009-03-19T00:44:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled “The analysis of law jargon used in Jhon Grisham’s The Chamber is intended to describe the forms of law jargon, the meaning of law jargon and the function of law Jargon.

The research belongs to a descriptive research. The use of a qualitative research is suitable because this research creates an analysis procedure and does not use any statistical procedure. The data of this research are word, phrase and acronym containing Jargons which are used by novel The Chamber. In collecting the data, the writer uses noting technique. In analyzing the data, the writer writes and reads novel The Chamber written by Jhon Grisham. Then the data are analyzed by using qualitative data analyzing technique based on the forms, the meanings and the functions of law jargon.

The result of this research shows there are three forms of law jargon namely word, phrase and acronym. The forms of jargon mostly used in law are words that have the highest frequency of occurrence that is 51.9% of the total data and then acronym forms have the lowest frequency of occurrence that is 9.6%. All of law jargons have denotative meaning. It is shown by the meaning of every law jargon that has a logic relation toward the meaning in the dictionary. Law jargon in the novel The Chamber has three functions, namely (1) to express concisely, (2) to signal membership, (3) to make easier communication.

A STUDY OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN “ROMEO AND JULIET” MOVIE REDIRECTED BY BAZ LUHRMANN

2009-03-09T02:11:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “A Study of Figurative Language in Romeo and Juliet Movie Redirected by Baz Luhrmann” aims to find out the kinds of figurative language and linguistic features used in figurative expressions.

This thesis belongs to qualitative research since it does not apply any statistical procedure. The object of this research is figurative language used in Romeo and Juliet Movie. The techniques of collecting the data are watching, reading and taking notes. Then the data are analyzed based on the kinds of figurative language and the linguistic features in figurative expressions.

The result shows that the figures of speech found in this research are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, and understatement. The figurative language is found in form of phrase, clause and sentence.

THE TERMS OF ADDRESS USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN JANE AUSTANE’S PRIDE AND PREJUDICE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

2009-03-09T02:03:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

In the analysis, the researcher analyzes the terms of address that are used by the characters in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. In this thesis the researcher explains the form of the terms of address, distribution of the form of the terms of address in syntactic construction, the influences of the use and the function of the terms of address that are used by the characters in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

To make the analysis easy, this thesis has sources of data, including main and supporting data. Main data are taken from novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. In collecting the main data, the writer reads some materials and observes the novel Pride and Prejudice carefully and critically, and then the data are written in the data cards. The supporting data are the data that are related to support the main data. The supporting data are taken from some books, articles and internet that study about address terms to help the writer to interpret the novel Pride and Prejudice easier.. The researcher takes some theories from sources such as books, internet sites, or articles.

This thesis is qualitative research. In the analysis, the researcher uses observation method, because all data are taken from the dialogue from the novel itself. In method of analyzing data, the researcher also uses qualitative method, which is descriptive method and contextual method because terms of address can be analyzed from the context of sentence. In this thesis, the researcher uses sociolinguistics approach in analyzing the subject.
Based on the findings and discussion, the results of the research can be summarized that there are four elements of the terms of address that are used by the characters in Pride and Prejudice. In the form of address, there is only: basic form (100%). All of the terms of address in this novel is the basic form. There are three distributions of the terms of address. The percentage of the beginning is 32,69% while the middle has 30,76% and the end of the sentence has 36,53%. There are some influences of the terms of address. There are formal situation (31,81%) and informal situation (68,18%). The percentage of informal situation is dominant than formal situation because it is used more to address among the families or close friends. Other influences of the terms of address are social status (31,81%), age (9,09%), kinship (50%0, and intimacy (9.09%). Kinship has big percentage because it is used to address among the relatives. There are the function of the terms of address: sign of respect (20,40%), sign of intimation (8,16%), sing of love (57,14%), and sing of assert (14,28%). sign of love has big percentage because in this novel, many characters among the families or close friends.

A STUDY OF TEXTUAL ASPECT OF NARRATIVE DISCOURSE OF “JAGADING LELEMBUT” IN DJAKA LODANG MAGAZINE

2009-02-23T00:47:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “A Study of Textual Aspect of Narrative Discourse of “Jagading Lelembut” in Djaka Lodang Magazine” is intended to find out the types of grammatical cohesion and the types of lexical cohesion in narrative discourse of Jagading Lelembut in Djaka Lodang magazine.

The type of this research belongs to descriptive qualitative method because there is not any statistical procedure nor calculation. The object of this research is the narrative discourse of Jagading Lelembut in Djaka Lodang magazine published in May-July 2008. In collecting the data, the writer uses noting technique. She reads the data then writes down the sentences bearing grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion and analyzes them.

The result of the research shows that grammatical cohesion among sentences in the narrative discourse of Jagading Lelembut in Djaka Lodang can be classified into four types. They are reference (personal, demonstrative, and comparative), ellipsis (nominal, verbal, and clausal), substitution (nominal), and conjunction (coordinating and subordinating). The lexical cohesion among sentences in the narrative discourse of Jagading Lelembut in Djaka Lodang can be classified into two types. They are reiteration (repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym, and metonym) and collocation.

A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE IN ISLAM CHAT ROOM IN YAHOO MESSENGER ON THE INTERNET

2009-02-23T00:38:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research is under the title A Syntactic Analysis of Clause in Islam Chat Room in Yahoo Messenger on the Internet which is proposed to describe the clause applied in Islam Chat Room in Yahoo Messenger on the Internet. The description includes the kinds of clause and the patterns of clause applied in Islam Chat Room in Yahoo Messenger on the Internet.

This research uses syntactic approach to identify the data and is a qualitative research. This research uses noting in collecting the data and uses distributional method to analyze the data. The writer analyzes the data through these methods above. Then, the writer analyzes all the data based on the kinds and patterns which are applied in Islam Chat Room in Yahoo Messenger on the Internet.

The result of this research is that the writer finds three kinds of clauses which are applied in Islam Chat Room in Yahoo Messenger on the Internet. They are adjective clause, adverbial clause and noun clause. In this research, of 40 data researched the writer finds noun clause and the others are adjective and adverbial clause. There are twenty noun clauses or 50%, twelve adjective clauses or 30% and eight adverbial clauses or 20% of the total number of data. The writer also finds the patterns of clause in this research. In this research, the writer finds the pattern of clauses as follows: SV, SVA, SVC, SVO, SVOC, SVOO, and SVOA. The most fragment pattern the writer finds in this research is SVO. It is about 45% of forty clauses analyzed. The second is SVC. It is about 35% of forty clauses analyzed. The third is SV, SVA and SVOA. The writer finds 15% of forty clauses and the last is SVOC and SVOO, 3% of SVOO and 2% SVOC. The writer finds the most patterns SVO, It is because the pattern of SVO is the common and basic pattern of English language and the others are the following patterns.

B. Theoretical Framework : 1. Language

2009-02-08T19:38:00.000-08:00

This part is theoretical framework which belongs to chapter 2 of the research entitled "A Comparative study between Mandarin and English phonological System

B. Theoretical Framework
1. Language
There is an article in a website which defines the meaning of the language. Language is communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. In other words, a language is a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community; often contrasted with dialect. (“Language”, 2008: par.1). Language may be one of the characteristic which differentiates human from other creature. To communicate with other people, a human uses language which could be understood by the hearer. A language is used by human as the media to transfer some ideas which could be analyzed and be improved by the hearer.
It is known that language has certain functions. There are three functions of language. The first function of language is a medium of communication. Krasen and friends in Wibadayulastuti’s thesis states that there are three types of communication:
a) one-way communication
It means that the hearer listen to the speaker without any respond. The example of one-way communication is someone who is watching reporters on TV or listening radio.

b) restricted two way-communication
In this communication the hearer responds orally to the speaker, but the hearer does not use the speaker’s language. For example, when a teacher teaches a certain language in the class, a student understands the teacher’s language but the student responds using his/her mother tongue.
c) full two-way communication
In this communication, the speaker speaks in a certain language, and the hearer responds in the same language. For example, in any situations of conversation, the speaker and the hearer have known each other about the language which is used by them.
The second function of language is for socialization. The language becomes the symbol to conduct any relationship. It does not mean that without a language people can not socialize into a society, but it is a symbol of the social solidarity to those who speak the language. The third function of language is for cultural accumulation and historical transmission. In this case, the function of language can be seen when someone makes proverbs or song rhyme. People can do many things using a language to create some aesthetic value of language.
Language may be only the small thing to support the culture, but this takes the biggest part in its function. There are many things that someone can do with language. When someone wants to express his/her feeling, or wants to join any society or even wants to transmit any information, he/she can use language as the medium.

2. Phonological System

Previous part: A. Theoretical Approach

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

2009-02-08T17:43:00.000-08:00

This is the theoretical approach of the research entitled " A Comparative Study between Mandarin and English Phonological System.

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

A. Theoretical Approach
Based on the reason for choosing the subject, there are many points of problems. To make the research focus, the researcher takes phonological aspect as the basic knowledge background; or in other words, the researcher uses phonological approach to analyze some problems in this research paper. It is understood that phone is speech sound which is symbolized by [ ], and then phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds (phones), and their production, audition and perception, as opposed to phonology, which is the study of sound systems and abstract sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics deals with the sounds themselves rather than the contexts in which they are used in languages (“Segments”, 2007: par.6).

Shortly, phonetics is the study of speech sound as sounds in any human language; and phonology is the study of sound system or sound pattern. Then, what is phoneme? Phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. It is a sound of a language as represented (or imagined) without reference to its position in a word or phrase (“Phoneme”, 2007: par.1). In short, phoneme is stock of sounds units in each human language. It is symbolized by / /.

It is known that English and Mandarin are different in language family; English is from Indo-German family and Mandarin is from Sino-Tibetan family language. Because the research compares two languages which are in different family in language, the researcher uses contrastive approach. According to Poedjosoedarmo (unpublished: 49), contrastive analysis is a research which compares two languages by opposing the language element of two languages. The researcher analyzes the phonological system, so that this research is done by analyzing the consonant, vowel, and also suprasegmental phoneme.
According to Mahsun (2005: 240-245) There are some steps to do the research:
1. To compare all of the phenomena which can be applied in each category
In this step, there are two activities which will be done; writing (coding), giving commentary to the writing by comparing it.
2. To integrate the category and the feature
The researcher compares the phenomena which appear with the characteristic of the data which are produced in the first step.
3. To limit the scope of the theory
The researcher must be able to limit some theories which are formed in two steps above based on the relevance and then put it into a category and the wider characteristic.
4. To write the theory
The researcher must hold a seminar to discuss the theory before the researcher writes it and publishes it.
From the explanation above, it is known that this analysis will find a cyclic relation between collecting data and analyzing data.

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ENGLISH AND JAVANESE PASSIVE VOICE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2009-01-30T16:12:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “English and Javanese Passive Voice: A Comparative Study” discusses the comparison between English and Javanese passive voice. It is aimed at finding out similarities and differences of passive voice in both languages.

This research uses qualitative method because the researcher describes the data in form of text and does not use any statistical procedure. The researcher uses some books of grammar and linguistics both in English and Javanese as the data source of this research. The techniques used in collecting the data are noting, separating, transferring, and changing technique. In analyzing the data, the researcher applies description and comparison techniques. She identifies the forms of passive voice, compares English and Javanese passive voice form, finds out the differences and the similarities between English and Javanese passive voice form and draws the conclusion.

The result shows that English and Javanese passive voice have similarities and differences. The similarities lie on the existence of passive voice in statements and questions. The differences lie on the tenses (verb inflection), concord, and particle ta in tag question.

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS

2009-01-15T16:33:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis is a report about ‘An Analysis of English Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs’. The aims of this research are describing the form of separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, the verbs and particles using in separable and inseparable phrasal verbs and its relation.

This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data were taken from books and electronic devices especially internet which have relation with this research. The researcher used noting and separating technique to collect the data. In analyzing data, the researcher reads all the data sources, notes, and separates the data into separable and inseparable phrasal verbs to answer the research problems. The data shows in the form of words and sentences.

This research finding shows the form of separable phrasal verbs, that is verb + particle (adverb) + object (noun / pronoun). Because the object in separable phrasal verb can come between the verb and particle, the form is verb + object (noun / pronoun) + particle (adverb). There are two forms of inseparable phrasal verbs, they are 1) verb + one particle (preposition) + object, and 2) verb + two particles (adverb and preposition) + object. The object in separable phrasal verb can not move. It only comes after the particle. The verbs using in separable and inseparable phrasal verbs are transitive verbs. The common verbs used in separable phrasal verbs are, such as, look (look over, look up), and write (write down).The most particles used in separable phrasal verbs are adverbs, such as, back (call back), and out (hand out). The common verbs used in inseparable phrasal verbs are, such as, keep (keep on) and watch (watch out for). The common particles used in the first form of inseparable phrasal verbs are, such as, after (look after) and across (run across). The common particles used in the second form of inseparable phrasal verbs are, such as, away with (get away with). The most particles using in separable phrasal verbs are adverbs. The adverb has relation to modify verb to form of separable phrasal verb. It also has transferred meaning. The most particles using in inseparable phrasal verbs are prepositions. Preposition has relation as part of the verb in the form of inseparable phrasal verbs. It also has transferred meanings.

PRAGMATIC STUDY ON JAVANESE USED IN WEDDING CEREMONIES

2009-01-15T16:18:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ‘Pragmatic Study on Javanese Used in Wedding Ceremonies’ is aimed at finding out the types of figures of speech and the levels of speech acts in the Javanese wedding ceremony.

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The writer does not use any calculation or statistical procedure. The object of the research is figures of speech used in Javanese wedding ceremonies. The data collecting techniques of this research are observation (recording technique) and documentation (noting technique). The figures of speech are classified based on the types of figures of speech and the levels of speech acts.

The research finding shows that the types of figures of speech that are found are schemes and tropes. The schemes categories include alliteration and hyperbole. Meanwhile, the tropes categories cover simile, personification, and litotes. The levels of speech acts found in this research are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SYNTACTIC VARIANTS OF THE JAKARTA POST’S HEADLINES

2009-01-15T16:09:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

Information technology using mass media to convey information to all people develops very fast. Because language is a means of communication, people should equip themselves by mastering language better. Related to the importance of language, the research entitled “An Analysis of the Syntactic Variants of The Jakarta Post’s Headlines” is important to conduct. This research is aimed to find out the English phrases that occur in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper, the variants of English phrases in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper, and what kind of the variants of English phrases which are mostly used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper.

This research sample is taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper as the data source. In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative presentation model. By using some techniques, namely; data reduction technique, matrix display technique, and conclusion drawing and verification technique, the researcher analyzes the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper published from April – June 2007.

The result of this research shows that all of English phrases are found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper. Among those English phrases, noun phrase is the typical appearance of English phrases since it has the highest frequent of occurrence. Related to the variants of noun phrase, noun phrase has nine variant. From the result of analysis, all of the variants of noun phrase are found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper. The variant (N with pre-modifiers and post-modifiers) remains the typical appearance of the variants of noun phrase for it appears in a lot of number. Doing analysis of the variant of verb phrase, verb phrase has four variants. Yet each of those variants also has their own sub variants. In this research, all of those four variants of verb phrase are found in The Jakarta Post’s headlines. The variant (one modal + V) becomes the typical appearance of the variants of verb phrase. Based on the analysis of the variants of prepositional phrase, prepositional phrase has five kinds and all of those variants are used in the Jakarta Post’s headlines. In this research, the variant (Prep + NP) remains the typical appearance of the variants of prepositional phrase in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper. Related to the variant of adjective phrase, adjective phrase has two variants. From the research, both variants are used in The Jakarta Post’s headlines. The variant (adverb of intensifier (original word) + adjective) is the typical appearance of this variant. Based on the analysis of the variants of adverbial phrase, adverbial phrase also has two variants. Both variants are used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper. Since the variant (adverb of intensifier (by adding suffix-ly) + adverb) appears in more number, it is considered as the typical appearance of the variants of adverbial phrase in this research.

AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE VARIETY USED IN THE DIALOGUE OF THE PERFECT MAN {THE MOVIE}

2009-01-15T16:06:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to describe the use of language varieties and the factors which influence the use of language varieties in the dialogue of the movie entitled The Perfect Man.

The researcher applies a descriptive method and puts emphasis on describing the types of language varieties used in the dialogue and the factors that influence the use of language varieties. The data of this study were obtained from the dialogue of the movie entitled The Perfect Man. This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative study. Furthermore, the writer just took total of 79 samples, after the obtained data had been collected, he identified and classified and discussed the varieties whether or not they were influenced by some factors and finds what language variety is dominantly used.

The findings of the research are as follows: (1) The types of language varieties used in the dialogue of the movie entitled The Perfect Man are slang, jargon, register, standard language, dialect and non standard language. (2) The factors affecting the use of language varieties are relationship between the speaker and the listener, level of education, purpose of speaking (Concerning what), social background of the speaker (Who speaks), job/ occupation of the speaker, topic of the conversation, age of the speaker, and language variety dominantly used by the actors is register variety.

RAPPORT AND ADDRESS TERMS IN MEG CABOT’S FILM VERSION ‘THE PRINCESS DIARIES’

2008-12-16T15:37:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled Rapport and Address Terms in Meg Cabot’s Film Version ‘The Princess Diaries’ is intended to analyze rapport and address terms found in the film. It is also aimed to find out the influence of the rapport toward the use of appropriate address terms and the correlation between both variables.

Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied. The qualitative method is used to analyze the data in form of words and the quantitative method is used to find the magnitude. In collecting the data, the researcher browses the script of the film from the internet and she matches the data with the film. Meanwhile, in analyzing the data, the researcher does four steps: reducing step, displaying step, analyzing step, and concluding step.

The findings of the research show that there are five variants of address terms used in the film: First Name (FN), Last Name (LN), Title alone, Kin Term, and No Naming. FN is most frequently used in the film (51. 28%), followed by Title alone (25. 64%), No Naming (9. 62%), Kin Terms (8. 97%), and LN (4. 49%). Most of terms used are in non-reciprocal way (82. 05%). All of the address terms are classified into three categories of affiliative motivation: neutral affiliative motivation (51. 28%), positive affiliative motivation (28. 21%), and negative affiliative motivation (20. 51%). From those numbers above, the researcher finds that there are 17. 86 % reciprocal positive affiliative motivations, 25 % reciprocal negative affiliative motivations, 30. 47 % non-reciprocal positive affiliative motivations, and 16. 41 % non-reciprocal negative affiliative motivations. Therefore, the tendency of reciprocal positive affiliative motivation is 1. 45 % bigger than the non-reciprocal negative affiliative motivation. It means that the positive affiliative motivation, showing happiness, commonly happens in reciprocal way in which there is higher solidarity and intimacy rather than in non-reciprocal relationship. It can be concluded that the choice of those address terms is indirectly determined by affiliative motivation, or what the so-called rapport establishment, which is determined at the beginning of conversation.

AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

2008-12-16T15:31:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research is entitled “An Analysis on the English Transitive Phrasal Verbs”. This study is aimed at finding out the form of English transitive phrasal verbs and the kinds of verbs and particles used in English transitive phrasal verb.

To gain the data, the writer uses noting technique. To collect the data, the writer conducts the following procedures; a) collecting the data by reading the entire data source to find out the form of English transitive phrasal verbs b) reading the data to find out the verbs and particles that can form English transitive phrasal verbs c) making note of English transitive phrasal verbs. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. This study is done by analyzing the objects and particles (prepositions and adverbs) in the form of words, phrases and sentences. The writer reads and notes all of the data to answer the researched problem.

The result of the study shows that there are three forms of English transitive phrasal verbs: S+V+O+Part, S+V+Part+O, and S+V+O1+Part+O2. The kinds of verbs usually used in English transitive phrasal verbs are related to physical activities. The kinds of particles used in English transitive phrasal verbs are prepositions and adverbs. There are 32 verbs and 30 particles (4 adverbs, 10 prepositions, and 16 particles which have two categories as adverbs and prepositions). Between those verbs and particles can be combined into various combinations.

G. Presentation

2008-12-03T19:11:00.000-08:00

This research will be divided into four chapters. Chapter I is introduction. This chapter contains background for choosing the study, problem formulation, objectives, a simple explanation of the scope of the study, review on the related study, a simple explanation of the method of research, and presentation.

Chapter II is Theoretical Approach and Framework which contains the base theory of the research and the approach. Chapter III is Finding and Discussion. This chapter contains all of the explanation and the description of the research. The last chapter or chapter IV is Conclusions and Suggestions which contains the conclusions and suggestions of the research.

Next :
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

Previous Parts :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Scope of the Study
E. Review on Related Studies
F. Method of Research

F. Method of Research

2008-12-03T19:07:00.000-08:00

According to Oxford Dictionary, method is way of doing something. It could be said that method is a particular form of procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one. Then, there is a set of method or a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity which is called methodology. There are many kinds of method in Linguistic research method, such as descriptive, comparative, structural, etc.

This research uses qualitative method. According to Moleong (1989: 4-8) , the characteristics of qualitative method are natural setting in an entity context; the instrument is human; analysis of the data using inductive analysis; the research has descriptive character; theory developing is grounded theory (bottom-up); process is more important than result; the design is temporary; and result of the research is discussed and agreed together. So that, a qualitative method is a research method to a certain problem which is not designed using statistics procedures.
In the research, the researcher uses comparative analysis to analyze and describe the data because the data are gathered in word and phoneme forms, so that, the researcher compares two languages based on the kind of sounds of each languages.
1. Object of the Study
The object of this study is Mandarin phonological system and English phonological system. Both languages are compared in term of segmental and some suprasegmental phonemes. The data are taken from books, dictionary, and also oral speaking. The researcher takes some of Jackie Chan’s movies, such as Shanghai Noon; Shanghai Knights; and Rush Hour 3. The comparison is done in term of the similarities and differences between those two languages.

2. Data Collecting Technique
To collect the data, the researcher uses Metode Simak (Observation Method). According to Mahsun, metode simak is a method which is used to find the data by observing the use of the language (2005: 90). The observing here is not only for oral source, but also written source, such as articles, manuscript, dictionary, etc. This method has a basic technique in the form of tapping technique (teknik sadap). In collecting the data, the researcher taps the use of the informant language (Mahsun, 2005: 90). According to Mahsun, the follow-up of this method are Teknik Simak Libat Cakap (Involved Conversation Observation Technique) and Teknik Simak Bebas Libat Cakap (Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique). “Teknik Simak Libat Cakap” means that the researcher is a participant in the conversation, and observes the conversation. In this case, the researcher is involved directly in the conversation. “Teknik Simak Bebas Libat Cakap” means that the researcher is just an observer of the informant’s language and the researcher is not involved directly in conversation (2005: 91). In this research, the researcher is involved in both techniques.
Those techniques are combined with Teknik Catat (Writing Technique). “Teknik Catat” is the continuation technique which applies the observation method. This technique is done by writing some relevant data from the source or informant (2005: 91-92).

3.Source of the Data
The data source which is taken is in a written and also oral form. The data are taken from some books which are related to the lesson of Mandarin and English language. The data contains words and phrases which would be analyzed one by one. Some of written form data are taken from internet too.
The oral forms are taken from Jackie Chan’s movies Shanghai Noon; Shanghai Knights; and Rush Hour 3. The researcher chooses the movies because those movies contain native speaker Mandarin, American English and British English. Beside that, the researcher takes some data from some lessons in Mandarin course where the researcher joins.

4.Data Analyzing Technique
The researcher uses comparative analysis to analyze the data by comparing the source data of those two languages. So, the way to do this research is comparing the elements of the language.

According to Mahsun, a research which is done by comparing and connecting the elements of data sources is called Metode Padan (Comparing Method) (2005: 112). There are two kinds of Metode Padan, Metode Padan Intralingual (Intralingua Comparing Method) and Metode Padan Ekstralingual (Extralingua Comparing Method) (2005: 112). In this research, the researcher uses Metode Padan Intralingual which is an analysis method by comparing two lingual elements, either in a same language or different language (2005: 112). After the data have been collected, those data are analyzed by using Teknik Hubung Banding Menyamakan (Connecting and Comparing Technique). The last object of the analysis is to find a similar base between the data which are compared (2005: 113).

This research also looks similar to Soepomo’s Penelitian Komparatif (Comparative research) because the most important way to do this research is to compare the data (Soepomo, unpublished: 35). For example this research will analyze English and Mandarin, the researcher analyzes the consonant, vowel, and suprasegmental phoneme (tone) objects of those two languages by observing the similarities between them.

Next Item : G. Presentation

Previous Item :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Scope of the Study
E. Review on Related Studies

Health Research Design and Methodology

2008-12-03T01:39:00.000-08:00

One of the major problems facing several students and faculty members in various health science areas involves writing research proposals, getting them approved and/or funded, and actually carrying out the research.

E. Review on Related Studies

2008-11-23T20:31:00.000-08:00

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

E. Review on Related Studies

This research is related to a thesis Tones in Whispered Chinese: Articulator Features and Perceptual Cues by Man Gao from University of Victoria which was published in internet in 2002. The researcher got the thesis’ source from a website, and then uses the thesis to support this research.

This thesis analyzes tones in Mandarin when someone talks by whispering. This thesis describes tone in deep analysis. The similarity of Man Gao’s research with this research is both of the researches talk about suprasegmental phoneme especially tone of Mandarin. The difference is this research studies general object in Phonology, but Man Gao analyzes specifically in tone in Mandarin when someone talks by whispering.

This research is also related to a thesis A Comparative Study on the Bangkanese Malay and the English Phonological System by Wibadayulastuti from English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Ahmad Dahlan University which was submitted in 2003. The researcher got the S1 graduating paper from the library of Ahmad Dahlan University. This thesis analyzes the comparison between Bangkanese Malay to be compared with English Phonological System. The similarity with this graduating paper is the research compares Phonological system in two languages. The difference is that research compares Bangkanese Malay and English languages, but this research compares Mandarin and English.

Next Item : F. Method of Research

Previous Item :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Scope of the Study

D. Scope of the Study

2008-11-23T20:14:00.000-08:00

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

D. Scope of the Study
In phonetics, it is known about segment and suprasegmental phoneme. Segment is used primarily to refer to any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech (“segment”, 2007: par.1). It is known that sound classes in the segment are divided into two major classes, consonants and vowels. Then another class of sound is glides which is a type of sound which shows properties of both consonants and vowels.

Mandarin has two letter’s models; Hanzi (kanji) and Pinyin. Hanzi is a logogram used in Chinese’s writing. In Chinese tradition, each character corresponds to a single syllable. It has no patent alphabet like other language, or in other words, there is no ABC system; the number of Chinese characters contained in the Kangxi dictionary is approximately 47,035, although a large number of these are rarely-used variants accumulated throughout history (“Hanzi”, 2006: par.2) Each letter represents one word and has one or some meaning. Besides, Pinyin is Latin symbol which symbolize Mandarin’s phone. There are many articles which describe some definition about Mandarin Pinyin as follows:

Pinyin is a Chinese system for transliterating Mandarin Chinese with 25 European characters (the letter "v" is never used). The pronunciation of most of the letters is similar to pronunciation to the European counterparts, but there are notable differences (“pinyin”, 2006: par.1)

Based on the statement above, Pinyin is almost similar to A-B-C system, but the sound of its symbols has many differences from A-B-C symbols in English. Pinyin is a Chinese alphabet symbol which represents European alphabet symbol to make Mandarin easier to be learnt. In another source, Pinyin is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use. Pin means "spell" and yin means "sound". It is also known as scheme of the Chinese phonetic alphabet (“pinyin”, 2007: par.1). Pinyin uses Roman letters to represent sounds in Standard Mandarin. The way these letters represent sounds in Standard Mandarin differ from other languages that use the Roman alphabetical phone. For example, the sounds indicated in pinyin by [b] and [g] correspond more closely to the sounds indicated by [p] and [k] in some Western uses of the Latin script. So that, this research only focuses on Pinyin system in order to make the research easier.

This research examines how Mandarin phones are pronounced, and also to analyze the function of suprasegmental phoneme (tone) in Mandarin. All phones in language have some suprasegmental phoneme or prosodic properties which are not related to the place or manner of articulation. These properties are pitch, loudness, and length. The researcher will describe the comparison between Mandarin and English tone, because Mandarin is a kind of tone language that can make a different meaning in a same syllable.

Next Item : E. Review on Related Studies

Previous Item :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUENT AND RESONANT CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH SYLLABLE STRUCTURES

2008-11-14T16:25:00.000-08:00

By
Wiwit Sugiyarti
04004173

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “A study on the relationship between the obstruent
and resonant consonants in English syllable structures” is intended to describe the form of English obstruent and resonant consonants and their distribution as well as their relationship in a syllable.

This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The use of qualitative research is suitable since this research creates an analysis procedure and does not use any statistic procedure. The data of the research are mostly monosyllabic words containing of obstruent and resonant consonant as the element of the English syllable structure. In collecting the data the researcher employs documentary technique, which deals with the written sources such as English Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary as the primary sources and English phonological and phonetic books as the secondary sources.

In analyzing the data, the researcher employs the distributional technique and descriptive technique to reveal the distribution and relationship of the obstruent and resonant consonant.

The result of the study shows that in their distribution, both obstruent and resonant consonants may appear in single or cluster to take the onset and coda position of a syllable. Besides that, the certain resonant consonant such as / l / and / n / can also appear as the syllable nucleus. In English phonotactic rules of syllable, the permissible onset cluster is limited to three consonants while the permissible coda cluster is limited to four consonants. In the onset cluster, obstruent consonant always precedes the resonant consonant while in the coda cluster; obstruent consonant always follows the resonant consonant. Based on these phenomenas, the possible pattern of syllabe’s onset are OV, RV, OORV, OOV, and ORV, while the possible pattern of syllable’s coda are VO, VR, VOOOO, VOOO, VROO, VRO, and VOO. O stands for obstruent, V stands for vowel and R stands for resonant. Related to these pattern, obstruent and resonant consonant have close relationship in the syllable building process.

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH STRESS PATTERNS

2008-11-14T01:57:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The research entitled “A Descriptive Analysis of English Stress Pattern” is intended to describe the English stress pattern, kinds of English stress pattern and the relationship between stress position and word meaning.

This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The use of a qualitative research is suitable with the methods of analyzing data of this research. The data of this research are words taken from Oxford dictionary which use the kinds of stress and some sentences which use the different stress position. In collecting the data, the writer uses library technique, noting, and analyzing text. In analyzing the data, the writer notes some words from Oxford dictionary. The data are marked, classified and analyzed them based on the kinds of stress position.

The result of this research shows that there are three kinds of stress word position, namely primary stress, secondary stress and weak stress which are used in monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and polysyllabic word of the Oxford Dictionary. The position of stress is variable and its pattern is not a fixed rule form. There is a difference meaning when the stress of either word or sentence word changes. The stress position of some words which have two kinds of stress placement, have two functions and of course the meaning of those words is different. If the first syllable of those word is stressed, its function is noun while if the second syllable of those word is stressed its function is adjective or verb. Because of the function is different, the meaning of word will be different too. It appears in the stress placement of the sentence too. The stress can be placed in all kinds of words of sentence. The different word stress placement of the same sentence makes the meaning of the sentence different too.

A STUDY OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES USED IN SAM RAIMI’S SPIDERMAN (MOVIE VERSION)

2008-11-14T01:51:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ‘A Study of Imperative Sentences Used in Sam Raimi’s Spiderman (Movie Version) aims to find out the types, functions and sentence structures of imperative sentences in Spiderman movie directed by Sam Raimi.

This study uses descriptive qualitative method since the writer does not use any statistical procedure in analyzing the data. The writer takes the sentences said by the characters in the movie as data source of this study. Noting technique is applied in this research. She identifies and classifies the types, functions and sentence structures of imperative sentences used in Spiderman movie.

The result of this study shows that there are some types, functions, and sentences structures of imperative sentences used in the movie. The types of the imperative sentences are imperative with subject, imperative without subject, imperative with let, and negative imperative. The functions of the imperative sentences are to express command, to express request, to express prohibition, to give advice, and to give suggestion. The sentence structures of imperative sentences are don’t + bare infinitive + object + adverb, bare infinitive + object + adverb, and no + Ving

Action Research

2008-11-11T22:48:00.000-08:00

"From his clear description of the detailed and demanding work of collecting and analyzing data to the exploration of the broader historical and theoretical foundations of action research, Stringer provides an engaging and accessible introduction to students and community-based researchers. Using his own experience as a guide, Stringer’s style is personable and inviting, but at the same time he calls upon aspiring action researchers to grapple with the broader political and ethical challenges that frame our inquiry and the daily personal and professional demands of engaged social inquiry. He convinces us that we, too, want to do action research, and then shows how to do it!"
-Mary Brydon-Miller, University of Cincinnati

Community-based action research seeks to involve as active participants those who have traditionally been called subjects and is intended to result in a practical outcome related to the lives or work of the participants. No matter the setting-organizational, institutional, or educational-there are particular skills needed to conduct action research successfully. In Action Research, author Ernest T. Stringer provides a series of tools that assist the researcher in working through the research process. The Third Edition of this popular text provides a simple but highly effective model for approaching action research: * Look: Building a picture and gathering information * Think: Interpreting and explaining * Act: Resolving issues and problems.

Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization

2008-11-11T22:41:00.000-08:00

Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization - Second Edition is an essential starting point for any student or researcher about to embark on an action research project in the fields of organization studies, health studies and education studies.

Revised and updated throughout, the Second Edition contains:

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This book is essential reading for students and established academics alike seeking an entry-point to conducting research in their own organizations.

The Action Research Dissertation: A Guide for Students and Faculty

2008-11-11T22:23:00.000-08:00

"The Action Research Dissertation should be required reading for any student contemplating using an action research approach in a thesis or dissertation project. Kathryn Herr and Gary Anderson serve as able and amiable navigators through the challenging but equally rewarding process of planning, carrying out, and completing an action research dissertation. Clear explanations, compelling exemplars, and an honest discussion of the challenges of conducting an action research project combined with a sense of the passion and commitment of those who choose this path, make the volume a balanced and engaging guide to all would-be action researchers." (Mary Brydon-Miller )

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Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher

2008-11-11T21:12:00.000-08:00

Known for its practical, step-by-step guidance for teachers on how to do research in classrooms. Born of the author's own experience working with teachers and principals, this book provides a step-by-step outline of how to "do" action research--backed by the most extensive theory and research coverage on the market today. The author guides future educators through the action research process via numerous concrete illustrations and a wealth of on-line resources; positioning it as a fundamental component of teaching, alongside curriculum development, assessment, and classroom management.

Key changes in the revision include: a new chapter on ethics (Chapter 5), expanded discussion of literature review, expanded discussion of data collection techniques using quantitative data collection techniques, expanded coverage of data analysis and interpretation techniques, and expanded coverage of descriptive statistics in Appendix B. Accessible, comprehensive, scholastically sound--this is a "hands-on" guide for anyone who aspires to be an exceptional educator. FEATURES: *NEW! Expanded coverage of "Ethics"--Includes a new chapter devoted to ethics (Chapter 5). *NEW!Revised and increased discussion of quantitative data techniques--Found throughout Chapter 3. *NEW! Expanded discussion on the use of style manuals (e.g., APA Manual of Style)-- Readers can find this important, applicable information in the newly added Chapter 8. *NEW! Increased discussion of descriptive statistics and action research-- Includes other ways to calculate standard deviation, not just by using SPSS (Appendix B). *NEW! Rearranged order of chapters pertaining to the writing of and sharing of action research-- Presents a clearer path to understanding. *Now in the new edition readers will learn about "Writing Up Action Research" (Chapter 8) before the "Sharing, Critiquing, and Celebrating Action Research" (Chapter 9). *Coverage of how to visually display qualitative data in appendix. * Provides basic usable tools for presenting and interpreting qualitative data. *Explanation of the four-step action research process--Accompanied by various models and discussion of each step's impact on results. * Guides, step-by-step, through conducting action research--identifying focus area, collecting data, analyzing/interpreting data, and action planning.* Explanation of the "3 E's" of data collection--Experiencing, enquiring, and examining. * Ensures teachers understand the crucial importance of thorough data collection to the success of any research. *Case study of Curtis Elementary School --Presented in Appendix I--follows the text's action research process as it happens in an example school.

C.Objectives of the Study

2008-11-07T15:41:00.000-08:00

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, the researcher has some objectives of the study as follows:

1.To describe the comparison between Mandarin and English phoneme dealing with the phonemic system.

2.To identify and to compare the allophone variations of Mandarin and English phone.

3.To describe the comparison between Mandarin and English suprasegmental phoneme.

Next Item : D. Scope of the Study

previous items :
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation

B. Problem Formulation

2008-11-07T15:30:00.000-08:00

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

B. Problem Formulation

To make this research is understood easily, the researcher makes the formulation of the problems as follows:

1. How is the comparison between Mandarin and English phoneme dealing with the phonemic system?

2. How are the comparisons of the allophone variations of Mandarin and English phone?

3. How is the comparison between Mandarin and English suprasegmental phoneme?

see previous item : A. Background for Choosing the Study

see next part : C. Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION : A.Background for Choosing the Study

2008-11-07T15:22:00.000-08:00

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background for Choosing the Study

It is known that people can understand each other when they speak in a particular language because it is an essential thing in human communication. People use language to make an interaction to other people. By communication which uses a language, someone is able to transfer some ideas and information to someone else.

It is a fact that a student of English Department must have an ability to speak English, and also is able to criticize linguistic aspect in a language like sound, tone (pitch), syllable, etc. In human speech, sound is the basic of human speaking. Sound here in Linguistics is recognized as phone. So that phone is common need of speech communication. But each language has its phone system. It can cause misspelling when a speaker speaks another language which is different from the speaker’s mother tongue. For example it is difficult for Chinese person who speaks English to say “vision”, because in Mandarin language, there is no [v] phone. On the contrary, English speaker usually has a difficulty to speak Mandarin language, because it has different phone spelling and some tones which can make different meaning.
The phenomena above will be analyzed by the writer especially the phonological aspect on Mandarin and English phone. The researcher interested to discuss about Mandarin phone which is so different from English. Many languages -except Mandarin- use tone to express contrast, emotion, or other situation without changing the lexical meaning. In the contrary, all syllables of Mandarin language carry a lexical meaning. This makes the researcher has interest on the aesthetic value in art of a language. The researcher chooses Mandarin for this research because the researcher feels that the materials of this research are known enough by the researcher and it will be beneficial to this study.

B. Problem Formulation

CRITICISM TOWARD CAPITALISM AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS ‘OLIVER TWIST

2008-11-06T23:03:00.000-08:00

by
Rudy Rakhman Hakim
NIM. 02026126

ABSTRACT

Charles Dickens with his famous works Oliver Twist tells about little child whose his life is always in sorrow. But the boy never loose his virtue attitude. It gives a precious lesson about life. Like most of Dickens’ works that always points about social life, especially poor society. The style of telling the story without any means to teach, but tend to show the reality that makes the reader feels the condition in that novel. He tries to explore condition of poor society in detail. So it seems like England history fact in Victorian era. Dickens intelligent reveals clearly in this novel. Because he can criticizes the capitalism system without making conflict with the capitalist. Even Oliver Twist becomes one of the biggest novels ever created. So criticism toward capitalism is the way to find the answer.

In conducting the research, the writer of this graduating paper applies qualitative descriptive method. Content analysis is employed to find the data inside the novel. These are done with the aim to see the deep misery and contents of the text through words, conversations, sentences, paragraphs, and also some quotations related. Thus the writer employs criticism toward capitalism that stated by Karl Marx with his concept about socialism.

Based on the research, the writer obtains some significant findings to be understood. Oliver Twist contains a lot of message of moral value and criticism toward capitalism in Victorian era. Social gaps between rich people and poor people are wide created. Application of capitalism that is out of control caused children becomes victim too. Not just violent victim children also enslaved as labor and treated improper. The existence of a workhouse that actually is pictorial from means of production, factory. Because in the workhouse children are not protected, but they must work as labor and the officer of a workhouse is a bourgeoisie .

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

2008-11-04T15:31:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This research entitled A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM is intended to explain about phonemic system of Mandarin and English. This research also discusses the allophone variation and also the suprasegmental.

This research uses qualitative method. The data are taken from books, dictionary, and also oral speaking. The researcher analyzes the data which is not designed using statistics procedures. To collect the data, the researcher uses Metode Simak (Observation Method). The researcher also uses Teknik Catat (Writing Technique) to collect the data. The researcher uses comparative analysis to analyze and describe the data by comparing two languages based on the kind of sounds of each language. The researcher uses phonological approach as the basic knowledge background to analyze some problems in this research paper.

The result of the research shows that there are some different phones between English and Mandarin phonemic system. The different speech sounds (phone) between English and Mandarin are in initial sounds and final sounds. This research also shows the difference function of suprasegmental phoneme especially the tone between English and Mandarin.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

CHILDREN FRIENDSHIP IN AFGHANISTAN TRIBES AS REFLECTED IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

2008-11-03T17:55:00.000-08:00

By:
Dwi Wahyu Pratiwi
04004017

ABSTRACT

One of Khaled Hosseini’s works is The Kite Runner. One aspect stood out of this novel is children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel. This research entitled “Children Friendship in Afghanistan Tribe as Reflected in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner” is intended to describe the Afghan’s life and the children friendship and explor the moral values of the novel.

The type of the research is the library research. The subject of the research is the novel The Kite Runner. Children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel is the object of this research. The researcher used the observation and documentation method to collect the data. After the data is gathered, the researcher focusing on analyzing the story of the novel to find out the children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel. The researcher used literary research by descriptive qualitative method and supported by one of Wellek and Waren’s sociology of literature.

The result of the study can be concluded as follow: in the novel The Kite Runner found that Hosseini is able to describe first, the Afghan’s life, second, the fact about the children friendship in Afghanistan tribe which consist of making children friendship in Afghanistan tribe richer and stronger; the issues in children friendship in Afghanistan tribe; the reasons of the end of children friendship in Afghanistan tribe, third, the form of children friendship in Afghanistan tribe which consist of superficial friendship and common interest friendship , and the forth the moral values of the novel The Kite Runner which consist of loyalty, sacrifice, bravery, and betrayal.

THE AUTHOR’S EXPERIENCES IN THE WAR AS REFLECTED IN THE MAIN CHARACTER OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S A FAREWELL TO ARMS: AN EXPRESSIVE APPROACH

2008-11-03T17:50:00.000-08:00

By
Murtingatun Rofiqoh
04004087

ABSTRACT

This research entitled The Author’s Experiences in the War as Reflected in the Main Character of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The researcher analyzes the author’s experiences in the war as reflected in the main character of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The purposes of the analysis are to describe the characterization of the main character of the novel, and to describe the experiences of the author as reflected in the novel.

This study belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The subject of the study is the novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, and the object of the study is the love affair between Frederick Henry and Catherine Barkley. The main data in this research is the novel. The secondary data are some critical books, journals, and on-line sources. The data analyzed are conducted under the expressive approach which is described by Abrams.

Based on the research findings, the writer concludes that the main character of A Farewell to Arms, Frederick Henry, is changeable in the manner. Henry is spiritually lost, immature in word, boyish and lie, and reluctant at first. However after his meeting with Catherine Barkley, he changes into a loyal and responsible man. Basically, Henry is humble, friendly, respectful, brave, and generous instead of his bad attitude above. The reflection of Ernest Hemingway’s life in the novel can be seen from several experiences such as experience of being an ambulance driver, experience of finding bad condition in war, experience of carrying wounded soldiers to hospitals, experience of being wounded, experience of helping another ambulance driver, experience of being carried to the post, experience of being cured in a field hospital, experience of being awarded a medal, experience of being reconciled into Milan, experience of falling in love with a nurse, experience of using crutches, experience of proposing to marry his beloved nurse, experience of getting jaundice, and experience of being left by the nurse.

The Power Conflict in The Russian Empire as Reflected in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy: A Sociological Study

2008-11-03T17:40:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is”The Power Conflict in The Russian Empire as Reflected in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy: A Sociological Study”. The objectives are to describe the power conflict in Steve Berry’s novel The Romanov Prophecy in Russian Empire at late twentieth century; to describe the causes of power conflict in Russian Empire at late twentieth century; and also to explain the power conflict solutions in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy.

This research is grouped into a library. The subject is the novel itself, The Romanov Prophecy by Steve Berry. The novel originally was published in hardcover in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York in August, 31st 2004. The object is the power conflict in The Russian Empire. The research data are gathered through observation and documentation technique. They are analyzed by using sociological approach by Wellek and Warren.

The result of the study shows that the causes of power conflict are the constant political instability; a daily threat from the mafiya, protection payment that sapping away profit; underemployment; stability, a resurgence of communism, the mass belief. The researcher divides the description of power conflict in The Romanov Prophecy into two parts. They are power and conflict. The first is power. The researcher describes the power to eliminate the valid heir of Russian Empire into four parts. The descriptions are manipulating people, pressing the commissions, bribes, assassination and conspiring with the Church. The second description is conflict. The researcher explains the conflict from the point of view of the modes conflict. The modes conflict is warfare and revolution. The effort to restore the Tsar Empire after the fall of communism and a succession of weak government can be concluded as the reflection of the modes conflict. The last is the power conflict solution. The researcher points two main solutions. They are avoiding and accommodating.

THE STORM OF THE YOUTH LIFE AS REFLECTED IN SCENES FROM A MEMORY ALBUM BY DREAM THEATER: A SEMIOTIC STUDY

2008-11-03T17:36:00.000-08:00

By
Sigit Widodo
04004032

ABSTRACT

The title of this graduating paper is The Storm of the Youth Life as Reflected in Scenes from a Memory Album by Dream Theater: A Semiotic Study. In this graduating paper, the researcher discusses the symbols and also the moral teaching in Dream Theater album especially in Scenes From A Memory album. The objective of this study is to find out the symbols as reflected in youth’s life in America and the moral values of Dream Theater’s song lyrics in Scenes From A Memory album.

In analyzing and finding the symbols and the moral values of Dream Theater’s song, the researcher uses theory of semiotics by Roland Barthes who offers five codes Proairetic Code, Hermeneutic Code, The Cultural Code, The Connotative Code, and The Symbolic Code. The theory of moral value by Stanford, this theory is guiding how to know the differences of morality and immorality. The research data are gathered through observation and documentation technique.

The results of this research shows three symbols in the lyrics of Scenes From A Memory album by Dream Theater are: love, death and the gun. The first symbol Deals of the album, Dream Theater tells about love as a conflict named interpersonal love. The second is a death. Death is a transcend of the human soul into another life that everyone should pass it. The last is the gun. Gun is a weapon to end the other people life, according to the story gun is a weapon to kill brutally used by Nicholas. Beside that, the researcher also gets moral values in Dream Theater’s song lyrics. There are three moral teachings: safe people life, keep away from drugs and alcohol and keep away from free sex.

English and Arabic Coordinating Conjunctions “A comparative Study”.

2008-11-03T00:14:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The research is entitled “English and Arabic coordinating conjunctions “A
comparative study”. The writer is motivated to choose the comparative study in this
thesis because of a few reasons. They are, firstly, the writer has ever studied and
practiced English and Arabic in Islamic boarding school where the students are
obliged to learn in English and Arabic deeply especially grammatical study and
secondly, many people learn languages in order to increase their language skill to
achieve purpose.

The aims of the research are: 1) finding out the ways of forming and
rule English and Arabic coordinating conjunction, 2) finding out the differences and
similarities between English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. This research is
also dedicated to support the readers, especially linguistic researcher to improve the research towards linguistic works. To analyze it, the writer offers the three steps conducting the research; they are presenting the data, analyzing the data, and finding out the result of the research.Based on the earlier statement, the subject of the study is the English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. And the object of the study is similarities and differences between English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. Sudaryanto says that there are some certain method concepts used by linguistic researchers. They are descriptive, comparative structural method. The writer uses the comparative method because this method is appropriate method used by the writer in connection with his subject of research.

Apparently, the writer finds the similarities and the differences in his research. Then the writer analyzes and classifies the similarities and the differences. Both English and Arabic similarities are 1). Conjunction, in Arabic and English, is divided into two kinds; coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. 2) The functions of Arabic’s and English’s coordinating conjunction generally are the same namely joining words, phrases, and sentences. And the difference is that Arabic
coordinating conjunction has explicit and implicit meaning.

MENTAL PERSONALITY DISORDER OF THE PROTAGONIST CHARACTER AS REFLECTED IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S TELL ME YOUR DREAMS: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2008-11-03T00:08:00.000-08:00

By
Reni Pujiastuti
03004034

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “MENTAL PERSONALITY DISORDER OF THE PROTAGONIST AS REFLECTED IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S TELL ME YOUR DREAMS: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS” is intended to describe the characterization of the character Ashley in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon, the cause of mental personality disorder of the protagonist characters in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon, and it is also aimed to describe the way the protagonist character overcomes the suffering of mental personality disorder in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon.

The writer chooses qualitative method to analyze the data since the data are in form of words. Meanwhile, the data collecting method is done through literary study to get an exact and factual data. In this research, the researcher uses the library method which is able to be done through library data searching. The technique or method of library research is a method used in finding, studying, and selecting the books which are the data sources.

The results of the study show that the protagonist character is a beautiful smart talented woman but a pessimistic one, who has dissociative identity disorder (DID). She has two alters, Toni and Alette, and these two new characters of her are sometimes cruel and sometimes soft. Through her new alter; she kills every man who wants to do sexual abuse to her. This is because of her trauma when she was a child on which she experienced a sexual harassment by her father. Finally, she can be cured through a special therapy for a DID patient.

A STUDY OF EXCLAMATION USED IN HARRY POTTER MOVIE ‘HARRY POTTER AND THE GOBLET OF FIRE’

2008-11-02T18:53:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ‘A Study of Exclamation used in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire’ aims to find out the types and functions of exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry potter and the Goblet of Fire’.

This research uses descriptive qualitative method because the researcher does not use any statistical procedure in analyzing the data. The researcher takes the sentences that are said by the characters in the movie as data source of this research. Noting technique is applied in this research. She identifies and classifies the types and functions of exclamatory sentences used in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire’.

The result shows that the types of exclamatory sentence found are vocative, greeting, shouting, title, simple language, and proverb and the functions of exclamatory sentence are to express some emotional strong states such as outcry, yelling, cheering, amazement, happiness, anger, and anxiety.

LOVE EXPRESSION IN DRAMA MOVIE SCRIPTS BASED ON ”SPEAKING” CONCEPT BY DELL HYMES: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

2008-11-02T18:49:00.000-08:00

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is LOVE EXPRESSION IN DRAMA MOVIE SCRIPTS BASED ON ”SPEAKING” CONCEPT BY DELL HYMES: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY. In this research, the researcher here describes the linguistic forms of love expression used in drama movies and describe “SPEAKING” concept by Dell Hymes.

This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are written forms. The object of this research is movie script. There are five movie scripts on this research, such as Titanic, Romeo and Juliet, A Cinderella Story Shakespeare in Love and Pretty Woman. The research uses transferring and noting techniques to collect the data. The researcher uses non-numeric data. In analyzing the data, the researcher applies the descriptive technique.

The result shows that movie scripts explain the expressions to show love. There are three form, they are word, phrase, and sentence. Based on types of sentences, they are declarative sentences, interrogative sentences and imperative sentence. Based on the full predication, they are simple sentences and complex sentence. Based on SPEAKING elements, the Love Expression in movies happens in many places. It can be indoor or outdoor; they are garden, room, church, stage, field, balcony, ship, restaurant, and the ocean. It has different atmospheres, such as strained, romantic, happy, sad, bloomy and solemn. The participants are the speaker-hearer and the writer-reader. The Ends are to show praise, to show persuasion, to show affection, to show care, to show eagerness and to engage. Mostly, it has direct speech when delivering the utterances. The writer finds only one indirect speech by chatting. The sequences are the speaker delivers the expression, the hearer hears it, and the contents are appropriate with the topic. The key is serious because the speaker delivers the utterance in deep tone. The writer not only finds oral speech but also finds written speech. The norm of the conversation is the participants have to realize rules of interaction such as: polite behavior, intimate/very close, kind attitude, and they have to manage sound and visual look in the conversation. It can be seen when the conversation is very intimate. They have to pay attention by taking a look at each other and have good and respect manner when they show love. Mostly, the genre is casual speech.

THE STRUGGLE OF THE MAIN CHARACTER FOR THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S MALICE: A FEMINIST STUDY

2008-11-01T02:50:00.001-07:00

by
Lili Nikmah Supriyati
04004002

ABSTRACT

The researcher in this thesis chooses a novel entitled The Struggle of the Main Character for the Pursuit of Happiness as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s Malice: A feminist Study as the subject of his writing. The researcher analyzes the intrinsic elements of the novel, especially the conflicts happening among the main characters.

The type of this study is a library research which consists of primary source and secondary source. The primary data of this research is taken from the novel Malice, while the secondary sources are taken from other sources like books, lecturers’ explanations, internet, etc. The subject of the research is the novel entitles Malice. Meanwhile, the object of the research focuses on the character and characterization of the main characters and the struggle form for the pursuit of happiness in the novel. Since the study uses the library research, it uses a qualitative descriptive method. The researcher tries to provide clearer information and describe the form of struggle the main characters by analyzing and employing struggle theory and feminist approach.

The results of the research shows that the characters in this novel are: John, Ellen, Grace, Molly York, David Glass and other character which is support the story in the novel. In this novel, the researcher found the characters and the characterizations of the main characters. There are several kinds of problems and form the struggle of the main character. The problems like: Form the struggle of the main character like: 1) The Struggle as an orphan child. 2) The struggle of Grace in sexual harassment, Grace has experience about sexual harassment which is done by her father. 3) The struggle of Grace in the Jail. 4) The struggle of Grace in the Court. 5) The struggle of Grace after going out from the jail such as: moving to Chicago and looking for a job.