A SYNTACTIC STUDY ON ADVERBIAL CLAUSE FOUND IN SHORT STORIES OF C’N S MAGAZINE

ABSTRACT

This study discusses adverbial clause found in short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009. This paper aims at describing the types of adverbial clause, identifying the patterns of adverbial clause and describing which types and patterns of adverbial clause are commonly used.

This study belongs to qualitative research and it applies syntactic approach to identify and analyze the data. In collecting the data, the writer uses observation method and noting technique as its advanced technique. Then, the writer employs structural analysis method and distributional method to analyze the data of adverbial clause which are taken from short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009.

The result of this study shows that there are nine types and nine patterns of adverbial clause found in short stories of C’n S magazine published in 2007-2009. Those types are adverbial clause of time, place, contrast, cause, result, purpose, condition, manner, and degree, while those patterns are SV, SVC, SVO, SVA, SVOA, SVCA, SVOO, SVOC, and SVAA. From 162 data analyzed, the most frequent types of adverbial clause are headed by adverbial clause of time (93 or 57.40%), pursued by condition (21 or 13%), cause (18 or 11.11%), result (9 or 5.55%), then contrast and manner (6 or 3.70%), degree (5 or 3.08%), purpose (3 or 1.85), and place (1 or 0.61%), whereas the most frequent patterns of adverbial clause is started by SVO (44 or 27.16%), followed by SVOA (29 or 17.9%), SV (27 or 16.66%), SVC (22 or 13.58%), SVA (21 or 13%), SVCA (11 or 6.79%), then SVAA (4 or 2.45%), SVOC (3 or 1.85%) and the lowest frequency is SVOO (1 or 0.61%). Therefore, the most frequent occurrence of the usage of the types is adverbial clause of time and the highest frequency of the clause pattern is SVO.

THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN EDWARD SCISSORHANDS FILM SCRIPT: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN EDWARD SCISSORHANDS FILM SCRIPT: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is The Analysis of Speech Acts in Edward Scissorhands Film Script: A Pragmatic Study. The aim of this research is describing illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts in term of forms, meanings and functions found in Edward Scissorhands film script.

This research uses pragmatic study. The objects of this research are illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts uttered by the characters in Edward Scissorhands film script. The script of Edward Scissorhands film is the data source of this research. In collecting the data, the writer uses observation method. After being collected, the data are classified according to particular classification that is illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Then the writer notes the data on data card in the form of tables.

The result of this research is divided into two parts that are illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. The analysis of Illocutionary acts is the first part, the writer finds: 1) The form of illocutionary acts. They are imperative with frequency of 91, declarative with frequency of 59, and interrogative with frequency of 11. 2) The function of illocutionary acts. They are 9 frequencies of assertive, 126 frequencies of directives, 8 frequencies of commissives, 17 frequencies of expressive, and 1 frequency of declaration. 3) The meaning of illocutionary acts. They are 2 data of advising, 2 data of informing, 2 data of opine, 53 data of command, 2 data of begging, 54 data of requesting, 12 data of promising, 8 data of expressive, 9 data of thanking, 1 data of greeting, 3 data of apology, 5 features of asserting, 1 data of suggesting, 1 data of offering, 1 data of warning, 1 data of forbid, 1 data of threaten, 1 data of announcing. Then the second part is perlocutionary acts. In this part the writer finds; 1) The forms of perlocutionary acts are imperative with 83 frequencies, declarative with 27 frequencies and interrogative with 8 frequencies. 2) The function of perlocutionary: 5 data of bringing hearer to learn that, 4 data of persuading, 2 data of encouraging, 2 data of frightening, 7 data of amuse, 96 data of getting hearer to do and 2 data of relieve tension.3) The meaning of perlocutionary acts depends on hearer response, such as refuse, angry, happy, etc.

LANGUAGE STYLE USED IN THE DIALOGUE AMONG THE CHARACTERS IN TITANIC MOVIE: SOSIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

LANGUAGE STYLE USED IN THE DIALOGUE AMONG THE CHARACTERS IN TITANIC MOVIE: SOSIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

This research entitled Language Style Used in the Dialogue among the Characters in Titanic Movie: Sociolinguistic Study is intended to find out the levels of formality’s language in Titanic Movie. The writer’s aims are a) to describe the level of formality in Titanic Movie and b) to describe which level types are frequently used in Titanic Movie.

This is a descriptive qualitative research. The researcher analyzes descriptive data in a written form. The technique that is used in collecting data is noting technique. To analyze the data the writer uses referential method by Sudaryanto and contextual method by Poedjosudarmo. The writer uses Martin Joos theory to analyze the level of formality namely; Frozen Style, Formal Style, Consultative Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style.

The result of this research shows that the writer can find levels of formality in Titanic Movie. All of the levels can be found in this movie. They are Frozen Style (5.15%), Formal Style (38.14%), Consultative Style (27.84%), Casual Style (17.53 %) and Intimate Style (11.34%). The highest frequency of the level of formality is formal language. It is assume that in 1912 is the glory of United Kingdom that mostly the people usually use formal language to speak to others. The passengers in this ship mostly come from England that commonly uses formal language. So many characters in Titanic Movie use formal style to make conversation with other people who have higher position than she/he.

THE STUDY OF ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES FOR GIVING MESSAGES USED IN KANG GURU MAGAZINE

THE STUDY OF ASSERTIVE UTTERANCES FOR GIVING MESSAGES USED IN KANG GURU MAGAZINE

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “The Study of Assertive Utterances for Giving Messages Used in Kang guru Magazine” is intended to describe the forms of assertive utterances for giving messages, to describe the kinds of assertive utterances for giving messages, and to describe the factors that influence the use of assertive utterances for giving messages taken from Kang Guru Magazine.

To obtain the data of the research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. The object of the research includes messages of assertive utterances that are taken from Kang Guru Magazine in the publication March 2007 – December 2008. She picks out 7 editions of Kang Guru Magazine. The writer collects the data of assertive utterances from Kang Guru Magazine as data source of this research. The technique that is used in collecting the data is noting technique. The analysis of this data is descriptive analysis. This analysis is used to analyze the sentences.

The result of this study shows the form of assertive utterances which consists of two forms. The forms are indirect and direct assertive. The kind of assertive utterances can be classified into five types, namely; stating, reporting, complaining, suggesting, and boasting. There are three factors which influence the people to use an assertive utterance, such as; depression, frustration, anxiety.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENT CLAUSES MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DEPENDENT CLAUSES MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT

This thesis is a research report about error analysis on dependent clauses made by the fourth semester students of English Education Study Program of Ahmad Dahlan University.The objectives are to identify and to describe the kinds of grammatical errors and to find the causes or sources of those errors.

The population of this study consists of 408 students of the fourth semester students of English education study Program of ahmad Dahlan University. The sampling used is proportioate random sampling technique. The sample is 25 % of populatio. To collect the data needed, the researcher analyzed the mid- examination papers of the writing subject from some lecturers. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method to anlyze the data.

Some important findings are reported as follows: from the data collected, the total sentences are 1500 sentences. There are 680 dependent clauses or 45. 333 % dependent clauses from the total of sentences. In the dependent clauses, there are 100 dependent clauses errors or 14, 705 % of the total number of dependent clauses, while the total of correct dependent clause is 580 or 85. 294 % of the total number of dependent clauses.The errors are described into the errors in using relative pronoun, the errors in using connectors, and the errors in subject- verb agreement. Those errors are distributed into addition, omission, and missformation. The addition happens because the students add the items which should not appear in a well- formed utterence. The omission is caused by the students who omit the items that must appear in a well- formed utterence. Misformation is caused by the use of the wrong form of the morpheme or structure. The causes or sources of errors are interlingual transfer (the interference of mother tongue) and intralingual transfer (over- generalization and ignorance of rule restrictions). It is caused by interlingual transfer because the students are still influenced by their first language, while intralingual transfer is caused by the complexity of the role of English sentence itself. Intalingual transfer causes over- generalization because the students create a deviant structure on the basis of his experience of other structures in the target language. It also causes ignorance of role restrictions because the students fail the restrictions or existing structures, that is, the application of the rules to context where they do not apply.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This is chapter 1 of the research report entitled "A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUENT AND RESONANT CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH SYLLABLE STRUCTURES. In this chapter, the writer divides the discussion into six sections. They are
the background of the study, identification of the problems, limitation of the
problem, formulation of the problems, objectives of the problem, and
significances of the study.

A." Background of the Study
Humans need to communicate with other to maintain their life. Since
communication is important in human life, there appears a language as a
means of communication. Language is used by human to convey, to obtain, to
ask and to give information. Language can be defined as a the unitary system
of linguistic communication which subsumes a number of mutually
intelligible varieties (Ronald Wardaugh, 1986:29) Language role as the way of
human shows its existence and attributes and provides way of communication
with the other in the community.

As everybody knows every language has its own characteristics both in
spoken and written usage. Each of the characteristics has great influence on
the interpretation of every utterance in a language. Every language also has its
own system including its grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. For each
speaker to know the language systems are very important since it takes great
influence toward the meaning of language used. In the other words, to know

the language well, even to master the language, one must learn all the
language aspects both in spoken and written usage.
Since all language is spoken, it has a close relationship toward
language sounds. The sound of language is including the sound system and the
sound pattern of language itself. Consequently language sounds produce in
some language is varied. Therefore, pronunciation must be a great problem for
the learner to learn a new language for example the Indonesian who learns
English as a second and foreign language.

English as well as other language in the world has its own structure.
English also has its own sound system including segmental and
suprasegmental sounds. Every language including English has its own feature
on the phonotactic that is the way of arranging phonemes to form
phonological units. Phonemes as the smallest distinctive unit (of sound) of al
language, takes very important role to the variation of language meaning.
According to Ladefoged (1982: 24) phonemes are the abstract units that form
the basis writing down a language systematically and unambiguously.
The variation of language produced by each language is influenced by
some factors including the phonological and phonotactic system or rule of that
language itself. Thus since the language are spoken, there must be phonetic
and phonology.

Through phonology one can describe the system and pattern of speech
sound in a language since it is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of
the sound in language rather than the actual physical articulation of speech
sound. According to Ramelan (1985:3) phonology is the study of phones or
speech sounds, while grammar is the study of meaningful unit of sounds and
their arrangement into longer utterances. Meanwhile phonetic is concerned
with the physical properties of speech sound, phonology deals with the
abstract or psychological level of sounds, the level of which speech sounds are
in our mind. Different elements in sound system between the native and the
foreign language may be several kinds. One of them is the existence of a given
sound in their letter, which is not found in his language.

The phonological system of a language includes various unit plus
patterns, which are used to combine the unit into larger units. The units of
phonological system including, features, segments (sounds), syllables and
words. Generally, language sound produced by human being can be divided
into two groups namely vowels and consonants. However in English there are
also diphthongs. English has 12 vowels, 9 diphthongs, and 24 consonants.
From those language sounds, it can be form a language utterance, such as
words, phrases, and sentences. Similarly, in the phonological system,
consonants and vowels correspond to make up the bigger unit called syllable.

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of the speech
sounds. It is a rhythmic unit of speech, which exists to make the speech stream
easier for the human mind to process. As a phonological system in general,
syllable also has its structure. It means that syllable made up under any pattern
and restriction. Syllable is typically made up by some element including the
essential part namely nucleus and the accompanying part namely onset and coda. The nucleus is normally a vowel while the onset and coda is normally consonant or consonant cluster. Commonly, a complete syllable simply described as CVC structure that is the initial C is the onset, V is the nucleus and the final C is the coda.

In syllable, we sometimes find a number of consonant that occur together. Those consonant are usually called consonant cluster. Just as a single consonant, consonant cluster may take any position in a syllable. They usually take the onset position and the coda position. It means that consonant cluster is accompanying the nucleus that becomes the core of the syllable. From a number of consonants in English, consonants are generally divided into two groups namely obstruent and resonant consonant. As consonant in general, obstruent and resonant consonant also has it role in the syllable structure.

They may take the onset position that is preceding the nucleus (vowel or the other sonorous element). They may also take the coda position that is following the nucleus. In order to take the onset or coda position, both obstruent and resonant may appear in the form of a single or in a cluster. However it is not easy to make up consonant cluster since there must be some restriction. Based on that phenomena, the researcher is attracted to studying those phenomena deeply, especially toward the relationship between each sound that is consonant in a syllable structures.