- ITEM ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH FORMATIVE TESTS MADE BY ENGLISH TEACHERS OF SMU NEGERI 1 MAJENANG YEAR 2006/2007

By
Dodi Widodo
04304171

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

At least, there are two reasons conducting this research:

1. The Importance of Tests
Tests are very important for teachers and students as well. Teachers routinely develop classroom tests throughout the academic year to get a quick overview of students mastery of relevant material. Good constructed tests will give teachers feedback about their students as well as about how well they teach.

2. The Quality of Tests
SMU Negeri 1 Majenang is the only State Senior High School in sub-district of Majenang and it, all at once, is a referenced school for both state and private high schools in Majenang and its surroundings. Therefore, to investigate the quality of teacher-made tests of the school seems interesting, for the teachers are always appointed to represent their town to make collective tests for district of Cilacap.

B. Identification of the Problem
Item analysis can be used for investigating the quality of the English formative test made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in academic year of 2006/2007.

C. Delimitation of the Problem
For the sake of getting a comprehensive result, both qualitative and quantitative item analysis are covered here. The only limitation is on the discussion of test validity. The researcher will focus on content validity analysis because this analysis is the core of checking validity.

D. Formulation of the Problem
According to identification and limitation of the problem above, the writer has some questions that will be answered throughout the process of writing this thesis. The questions have been formulated as follows:

1. How difficult or easy has each item of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 been for the students who took it?

2. How well can the items of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 discriminate between the good and the poor students?

3. How well is each distracter of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 operating?

4. How is the content validity of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007?

5. How is the item validity of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007?

6. How high is the reliability of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007?

E. Objectives of the Study

Objectives of the study is:

1. To calculate the level of difficulty of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 from which we can then discover items that are too easy, even for the poor students and to discover if any items are too difficult, even for the best student.

2. To calculate the level of discrimination of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 from which we can then determine the items that do not discriminate between the good and the poor students.

3. To discover the effectiveness of each distracter of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007 from which we can know how well each distracter is operating.

4. To know the content validity of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007.

5. To know the item validity of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007.

6. To know the reliability level of the English formative tests made by the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang in the academic year of 2006/2007.

F. Significance of the Study

Practically, it is hoped that this research would bring some benefits as follows:

1. This study will give basic understanding to teachers, employers, and others in evaluative positions that judgements cannot be made solely on the basis of intuition, haphazard guessing, or custom and they should make item analysis a part of their jobs and their continuing professionalism developments.

2. This study will provide the English teachers of SMU Negeri 1 Majenang with some meaningful information for efficient class discussion of the test result, remedial work, the general improvement of classroom instruction and also for increased skills in test construction.

3. This study will give the writer both theoretical and practical knowledge about item analysis and its procedures.

- BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian. Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Brown, H. Douglas. 2001. Teaching by Principles an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. San Francisco: Longman.

Byrne, Donn. Teaching Oral English. Sa Francisco: Longman.

Carrel, Patricia L. 1988. Interactive Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cook, Vivian. 1996. Second Language Teaching.. New York: St. Martin Press.

Deboer, et all. 1970. Teaching Secondary English. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Harmer, Jeremy. 1998. How to teach English. An Introduction to The Practice of English Language Teaching. : Longman.

______. 2001. The Practice English Language Teaching. : Longman.

Hornby, A.S.1989. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: Oxford University Press.

Richards and Rodgers. 2001. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rivers, Wilga M. 1987. Interactive Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sukardi. 2005. “Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan Kompetensi dan Prakteknya” Jakarta : PT Bumi Aksara.

Sukmadinata, N Syaodih. 2005. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

The Commission on The English Curriculum. 1956. The English Language Arts In The Secondary School. Appleton Century Crofts Inc. New York.

- CODE MIXING CONDUCTED BY THE MUSIC PRESENTERS OF MTV GLOBAL ROOM ON GLOBAL TV

by:

DARYATI
O6304026

ABSRTACT

The research entitled “Code Mixing Conducted by the Music Presenters of MTV Global Room on Global TV” is intended to find out the kinds of language, the forms of code mixing, the position of code mixing and the reason of code mixing conducted by music presenters of MTV Global Room.

The type of research belongs to descriptive qualitative research. The object of this research is Code mixing Conducted by the Music Presenters of MTV Global Room on Global TV and source of data of this reserch is the music presenter of MTV Global Room. The researcher uses observation and noting techniques to collect data. In analyzing the data, the research takes the following procedures. First the writer Identifies the code mixing in each part of the conversation based on the language involved with noting technique. Second the writer Identifies the code mixing in each part of the conversation based on the forms of word by going different codes. Third the writer identifies the code mixing in each part of the conversation based on the position. Finally the writer identifies the code mixing in each part of the conversation based on the probable reasons that cause them to occur.

The result of the research shows that the languages used by the music presenters of MTV Global room are Indonesian, English, Javanese and Betawi. The forms of code mixing in the music presenters of MTV Global Room are divided into six: they are code mixing in a word form, code mixing in repetitive form, code mixing in affix form, code mixing in phrase form and code mixing in clause form. Code mixing in the word shows in noun, verb, adjective, conjunction, numeral and preposition. The positions of code mixing are in the beginning, in the middle, and the end of sentence. The reasons for using code mixing are to show prestige, to be intimate to the interlocutor, no exact terms or words in Indonesian, the interlocutor and emotional appeal.

- DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES FOUND IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF QUR’AN (SURAH AL-MUDDATHTHIR AND SURAH AL-MUZZAMMIL): A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

by :
Tobroni
03026117

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to find out the forms and the classifications of directive utterances in English translation of Qur’an Surah Al- Muzzammil and Surah Al-Muddaththir.

This research uses the descriptive qualitative method, which is not designed to use statistical procedure but to describe the finding of research. The data of this research are taken from the English translation of Qur’an Surah Al- Muzzammil and Surah Al-Muddaththir. The method of analyzing data in this research is contextual and referential method, which relates between object in human social context and referential fact from Qur’an and Tafsir Ibn Katsir.

The finding of research shows that most forms of directive utterances found in English translation of Qur’an Surah Al- Muzzammil and Surah Al-Muddaththir are in the imperative forms, a few in interrogative forms and there is no declarative form. The classifications of directive utterances that are found generally in commands, two verses contain of suggestion and two verses contain of request and one verse contains of warning. Qur’an has to be read and interpreted perfectly, because it is God’s sayings. To express the intention of what God conveys, God reveals His utterance into the verses of Qur’an. The certain purpose of Qur’an is addressed for the Prophet Muhammad especially and generally for the believers in order that they do what God wants; it can be command, suggestion, request, or warning.To comprehend Qur’an deeply needs a good interpretation to catch the right intention of His utterances.

- BECK MERCHANT’S REVENGE AS REFLECTED IN SANDRA BROWN’S WHITE HOT: A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY

By

Fitri Palupi Kusumawati
03004075

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “Beck Merchant’s revenge as reflected in Sandra Brown’s white Hot : A Psychological Study” is intended 1) to describe the characterization of Beck Merchant in the novel White Hot 2) to describe some moral values 3) to describe the motives of seeking revenge of Beck Merchant in the novel White Hot.

The type of this research is a library research. The researcher uses the primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the novel White Hot written by Sandra Brown. With the primary data, the researcher reads and observes the novel White Hot carefully and critically. The secondary data of the research are taken from other sources such as some critical books from the library and also data from internet are used to help the researcher to interpret the novel White Hot. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative method under Freud’s psychoanalysis approach.

The research findings and discussions are show as follow: the first, the characterization of Beck Merchant in the novel White Hot is kind, forgiving, persevering, helpful, brave, tricky, loving, betrayer. Second, Beck’s motive of seeking revenge is because of his father’s death. There are many ways for Beck to seek revenge, such as 1) disguising as a lawyer for his father’s murderer, 2) creating a new character as Charles Nielson. Third, the moral values that can be drawn from the novel White Hot is divided into two parts namely positives moral values and negatives moral values. The positive one includes forgiving, brave, helpful and kind. Whereas the negative one includes vengeance, injustice, unbelief in God, impolite, committing of treason, drunk, murder.

SOCIO CULTURAL STUDY ON CHINESE WOMEN IN THE 19th CENTURY AS REFLECTED IN LISA SEE’S SNOW FLOWER AND THE SECRET FAN

By:

Nofiatun Titi Lestari
03004241

ABSTRACT

One of Lisa See master pieces is Snow Flower and the Secret Fan. One of the interesting thing of this work is socio cultural in Chinese women in the 19th century as reflected to the novel. This research entitled “Socio Cultural Study in Chinese women in the 19th Century as Reflected in Lisa See’s Snow Flower and the Secret Fan” to describes the socio cultural in Chinese women as reflected to the novel.

The writer used sociological approach to analized this thesis. The type of the study is library research. It done by carefully and critically reading the novel by Lisa See. The object of this research is the novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan. Then the research object that will be analized in this research are socio cultural on Chinese women in the 19th century as reflected to the novel. The subject of the research are often called as the data source. The writer classified the data source into primary source and secondary source. The primary source is the text of the novel, whereas the secondary source taken from books, magazines, and electronic device especially internet. The writer uses the library method to collect the data needed, that is observation method and documentation method. After collecting the data, the writer examining the story of the novel to find the socio cultural on Chinese women in the 19th century as reflected to the novel. The writer uses literary research by descriptive qualitative method under the sociological approach developed by Wallek and Warren and tries to give clearer information about socio cultural on Chinese women on the 19th century as reflected to the novel.

Some important research finding are describes socio cultural on Chinese women 19th century as reflected in Lisa See’s Snow Flower and the Secret Fan. There are recurrent socio cultural in Chinese women in the 19th century as reflected to the novel, that is (1) economic status (procreation and sexual life), (2) ideological factors, (3) legal status, (4) Property relation, (5) foot binding, (6) friendship, (7) marriage, (8) young girl, (9) daughter in law, (10) wife, (11) concubines, (12) mother, and (13) the widow.

THE STRUGGLE OF EUROPEAN SAILORS IN 15th TO 17th CENTURY TO REACH THE SPICE ISLANDS AS REFLECTED IN GILES MILTON’S NATHANIEL’S NUTMEG : A SOCIOLOGICA

By
Fajar Budiartiningrum
02004141

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is The Struggle of European Sailors in 15th to 17th Century to reach the Spice Islands as reflected in Giles Milton’s Nathaniel’s Nutmeg: A Sociological Analysis. This research is due to find out the relations of the novel’s content with the real history of Europe in 15th to 17th century and also to describe the struggles of European to reach the spices islands.

This research is included in library research, which the materials are taken from the library media and also electronic media. The subjects and object of this research are the novel and the data in the novel Nathaniel’s Nutmeg. The primary data is taken from the text of the novel and the secondary data is taken from the supporting books or material. It means that the writer goes to some libraries, looks for the data, and makes note from the data she got, arranges and then concludes the information got. Then the data got is analyzed by using sociological approach in Swingewood (1972:11-12) because it relates with the condition of the society and the process happened on it.

The result of the research shows that the novel of Giles Milton Nathaniel’s Nutmeg tells about the condition of the European, socially, economically, culturally and also tells the persistence of European sailor to reach the Spices Islands and also gives the readers knowledge about the trade of spices and also the spice race happened in 15th to 17th century which causes some profits and also the financial loss among the European and other country in this world.

AN INTRINSIC ANALYSIS OF ANNE BRONTË’S AGNES GREY AND ITS MORAL VALUES

BY
BETARIA S.
02004052

ABSTRACT

In this study the writer discusses the novel Agnes Grey by Anne Bronte. In this study the writer try to analyze an intrinsic and the moral value from the novel Agnes Grey. The writer chooses the novel Agnes Grey because of several reasons such as: First, this novel is one of the best English novel and it is so interesting to analyze. Second this novel talks about a young woman who never give up in facing her life, Agnes Grey is a patience, dilligent, and have a dream to change her family life. And the last the reader can adopt the moral values provided in the novel.

The writer uses the structural approach as a method to describe the intrinsic analysis of this novel. The method used in this thesis is librarian research. Because to get needed data and information, the writer have to employs and involves a library research method by reading industriously to get a deep comprehension about the intrinsic analysis of the literary work.

The writer comes to conclude that intrinsic elements are theme, the plot, setting and character and characterization The result of the research finding can be seen as follows; the synopsis of the novel. The theme of the novel is dramatic story, struggle woman, patience and happy ending story. There are two groups of character; those are major and minor characters. The major characters are Agnes grey, Agnes’s mother, Agnes’s father, Mary as Agnes’s sister, Mr. Richardson, Betty, Fanny and Harriet, Nancy Brown, Matilda Murray, Rosalie Murray, Mr. Edward Weston, Mrs. and Mrs. Murray, John Murray, Charles Murray, Mr. Thomas Ashby, and Mr. Hatfield. The minor characters are Mr and Mrs Bloomfield, Mary Ann, Master Tom Bloomfield and Mr. Robson. The setting of the novel is divided in two parts, namely place and time setting. The setting of place is located in North of England and setting of time is the beginning of 1839. The plot includes five sections; exposition, rising action, crisis, falling action and catastrophe. And the moral values itself can be divided into negative and positive moral values. Patience, devotion, freedom, friendship, forgiving, telling the truth, helping others, working hard; are positive moral values, and negatives such as injustice and lying other. From these moral values the reader can learn from the novel after reading it.

A PORTRAIT OF A WIFE IN HANDLING HER HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S ACCIDENT: A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

By
Heny Anita
02004089

ABSTRACT

The study entitled A Portrait of a Wife in Handling Her Household Problems as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s Accident: A Psychological Approach has two objectives of study. The first is to describe the character and characterization of the female major character in Accident. The second is to describe the personality of the female major character in handling her household problems which the readers can get by reading the novel entitled.

To obtain the object of this research, the writer used psychological analysis through Subhan’s theory of character and characterization (2003: 8). The writer also used the theory of the household problems by Pujihastuti (2006: 86), the theory of psychology of literature by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1989: 90), and the theory of the family psychology by Liddle (2002: 1). In addition, the writer used Raymond B. Cattle’s psychological theory of personality in Subhan’s book (2003: 63). It is used to understand the personality Page Clarke in handling her household problems. Page Clarke’s character is the object of this analysis. The methodologies used in this research are observation and documentation. The technique of collecting the data is qualitative method.

The result of this research included Page Clarke’s character like beautiful, artistic woman, stimulating, explicit, children loving, responsible, sympathetic, occupied housewife, and lonely. The personality of Page Clarke in handling her household problems like apprehensive, happy-go-lucky, uncontrolled, suspicious, affected by feelings, forthright, and expedient. Page Clarke is the main character of Accident. She has a happy family but it changed when her daughter had a car accident and in the same moment she found out her husband laid on her and left her. This case needs her to handle those problems by herself. Although those problems were hard for her, she could handle those problems better.

CONFLICTS IN C.S. LEWIS’S THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA: THE LION, THE WITCH, AND THE WARDROBE: AN OBJECTIVE STUDY

By
Fitriya Ashfiyani
02004132

ABSTRACT

The writer in this thesis chooses a novel entitled The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis as the subject of his writing. The writer analyzes the intrinsic elements of the novel, especially the conflicts happening among the main characters.

The type of this study is a library research which consists of main data and supporting data. The main data of this research is taken from the novel The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, while the supporting data are taken from other sources like books, lecturers’ explanations, internet, etc. The subject of the research is the novel entitles The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe. Meanwhile, the object of the research focuses on the character and characterization of the main characters and the conflicts among them in the novel. Since the study uses the library research, it uses a descriptive qualitative method. The writer tries to provide clearer information and describe the kind of conflicts among the main characters by analyzing and employing conflict theory and objective approach.

The results of the research shows that the main characters in this novel are: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy. In this novel, the researcher found the characters and the characterizations of the main characters. Peter is a sportive boy, a decision maker, a fighter, a king. Susan is a moderator, a critical girl, a queen. Edmund is a temperament boy, greedy, liar, a king; Lucy is a confidence girl, a kind heart girl, truthful, smart, a leader, a queen. There are several kinds of conflicts happening to the main characters such as: disputing about what will be done, disputing about an animal’s name, coming back from wardrobe, a conflict inside Edmund, Peter and Edmund’s conflict, discussing with the professor, asking for going home from Susan, trusting a robin, losing Edmund, to save Edmund.

THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENGLISH YOUTH AND EARLY ADULTHOOD IN THE MODERN ERA AS REFLECTED IN D.H LAWRENCE’S SONS AND LOVERS

The Portrait of the Relationships among English Youth and Early Adulthood in Modern Era as Reflected in D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers: A Psychological Analysis

By
Devi Mayasari
03004215

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “The Portrait of the Relationships among English Youth and Early Adulthood in Modern Era as Reflected in D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers: A Psychological Analysis” is aimed to describe the relationship among English youth and early adulthood as reflected in the novel Sons and Lovers. The problem formulated in this research is answered by describing the relation related to the youth and early adulthood psychological development, and to describe moral values beside positive or negative values that explains and describe in the novel Sons and Lovers.

The subject of this research is a novel by D.H Lawrence Sons and Lovers. The object of this research is on developmental psychology on English youth and early adulthood, especially in Modern Era. Basically, the researcher collected the data by reading the novel intensively for several times, and recording some important notes from the novel. The research employed qualitative approach. The instrument used by the writer reading the whole story of Lawrence novel entitled Sons and Lovers as the source of the main data. The writer uses the psychological approach by Freud’s theory and convergence theory. Beside, the writer also uses references that support the data itself, uses many literary criticism to add the data collection.

The finding of this research show that in the novel there are thirteen aspects reflected as the most important aspect related to the English youth and early adulthood psychological development. The aspects are: job division, mother’s dominant, moving out, going out, young marries, wedding ring, age for marry, social prestige, youth movement, the future is theirs, the difference of men and girls, personal freedom and fashion led “youth cultures”. Those thirteen aspects are closely tied and influence one another. The last is some moral values in the novel that appears between positive and negative values. The positive values are: responsible, keep healthy, proud our parents, have ambition, saving money, thanks to God, accepting the guest welcoming, friendship, being a good wife and sharing to God, and the negative values are: surrender, poverty, fear, punishment and fight.

THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II ON HIROKO’S PERSONALITY AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S SILENT HONOUR

By
Sofiany
01004210

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is “The Impact of World War II on Hiroko’s Personality as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s Silent Honour”. The researcher discusses the impact of World War II toward Hiroko’s personality as reflected in the novel Silent Honour by using objective approach. The objective of the study is to find out the characterization of Hiroko as the main character, and the impact of World War II on Hiroko’s personality.

The method of the study is based on the library research in which the data are taken from books, magazine, newspapers and internet. The data are classified into main and supporting data. The main data of the study are taken from novel itself and the supporting data are taken from the sources which are related with and support the subject matter of the study. The subject of this study is the novel Silent Honour written by Danielle Steel. The object of this thesis is the characterization of Hiroko as the main character, and the impact of World War II on Hiroko’s personality. After the data are gathered they will be analyzed by the theory of character and characterization by Subhan (2003), and the theory of personality by Hall and Lindzey (1995).

The result of this thesis can be briefly stated as follows: Hiroko’s character is described as an ancient Japanese woman, beautiful face and beautiful hair, besides that she is smart girl and the impact of World War II on Hiroko’s personality makes Hiroko’s personality more calm, patient, sense of human, more loyal and the personality of Hiroko which before World War II very ancient begin open mind and can think more adult and modern although she is still young.

A PSYCHOANALITIC STUDY OF THE PROTAGONIST CHARACTER “PAGE CLARKE” IN DANIELLE STEEL’S ACCIDENT (PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH)

By
Siti Khotimah
03004009

ABSTRACT

A novel as literary work is one of the world phenomenon which must be acknowledged and admired. Literary appreciation is able to sharpen the human sense. In this research, the researcher is going to analyze the protagonist character. It is based on Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. The objectives of the research are to describe the characterizations of the main characters, the characterizations of the protagonist character, Page Clarke, are observed psychologically and the moral lessons in Accident by Danielle steel.

In this research, the researcher uses the psychological approach to analyze the characterizations of the protagonist character, Page Clarke in Accident. The subject of this research is the novel Accident by Danielle Steel. The object of the research is the characterizations of the protagonist character, Page Clarke in Accident. The researcher uses observation and documentation as the methodologies of the research. The observation means reading the novel carefully and critically. The result of observation is as documentation, especially the document of Protagonist character, Page Clarke in Accident. The technique of collecting the data is qualitative method.

Some of the research findings are as follows; first, the main characters of the novel Accident by Danielle steel are Page Clarke, Brad Clarke and Trygve Thorensen. The characterizations of the protagonist character of Page Clarke are imaginative, sociable, loyal, patient, and also bad tempered. She has round character in the middle of story. Second, the characterizations of Page Clarke seen from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory called the organization of personality. The organization of personality consists of Id, Ego and Superego. In the Id, she has regretted feeling, disappointed feeling and unhappy feeling. In the Ego, she hates her life with her parents and her husband. In the Superego, she feels guilty when her son goes away from home because of her. In the dynamics of personality, she has life instincts (eros) and death instincts (thanatos) and three anxieties, such as reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety and moral anxiety. In the development of personality, especially the defence mechanism consists of projection, reaction formation, fixation, and regression. Third, the researcher finds the moral lessons
in the novel Accident such as; simplicity, patience, strong will and loyalty. Those make people face the life problems powerfully.