A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND SUNDANESE DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

By:

Yusuf Yanuar

05026008

ABSTRACT

In this research, the writer discusses the contrast between English and Sundanese derivational affixes. The aims of this research are to describe the types, meanings, the functions, then to find out the similarities and differences between English and Sundanese derivational affixes.

CHAPTER III FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This is the CHAPTER III (FINDING AND DISCUSSION) of the research entitled " A Comparative Study between Mandarin and English Phonological System.

CHAPTER III
FINDING AND DISCUSSION

According to theories above, the researcher explains the result of the research in this chapter. The researcher focuses on solving some problems which have been mentioned in Chapter I.

A. The Comparison Between Mandarin and English Phoneme Dealing with the Phonemic System

1. Initial Sounds

The initial sounds in Mandarin consonants are almost similar to English consonant, but, it is important to know the detail differences between them.

a) Labial

Labial is a sound made which uses one or both of lips.

1) Mandarin Pinyin “b”

Mandarin pinyin “b” is pronounced [p] with no aspiration. For example, the word bā (eight) is pronounced /pa/ with flat tone. English also has this phone like the word cap which is pronounced /kæp/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [p] is able to be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it, because if [p] is placed as the initial syllable, it must be pronounced aspirated [ph].

2) Mandarin pinyin “p”

Mandarin pinyin “p” is pronounced [ph]. For example, the word pa (scare, fear) is pronounced /pha/ with falling tone. English also has this phone such as the word pen which is pronounced /phen/.

3) Mandarin Pinyin “m” and “f”

Mandarin pinyin “m” and “f” are pronounced the same as English [m] and [f]. For example, the words ma (mother) and fan (rice) are pronounced /ma/ and /fan/. The examples of these phones in English are words me and fee which are pronounced /mi/ and /fi:/.

b) Alveolar

Alveolar is a sound that is formed by tip of tongue with teeth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “d”

Mandarin pinyin “d” is pronounced [t] with no aspiration. For example, the word da (big) is pronounced /ta/. English also has this phone like the word bat which is pronounced /bæt/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [t] is able to be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it. Because if [t] is able to be placed as the initial syllable, it must be aspirated [th].

2) Mandarin pinyin “t”

Mandarin pinyin “t” is pronounced [th]. For example, the word ta (he/she) is pronounced /tha/ with flat tone. English also has this phone such as in the word tape which is pronounced /theip/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “l” and “n”

Mandarin pinyin “l” and “n” are pronounced the same as [l] and [n] in English. For example, the words lai (come) and nan (difficult) are pronounced /lai/ and /nan/. The examples in English are the words loose and need which are pronounced /lu:s/ and /ni:d/.

c) Velar

Velar is sound which is formed with the back of the tongue close to or touching the soft part of the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “g”

Mandarin pinyin “g” is pronounced [k] with no aspiration. For example, the word gan (sweet) is pronounced /kan/. English also has this phone like in word back which is pronounced /bæk/. The difference between Mandarin and English is in Mandarin, the [k] could be placed in the initial syllable, but English does not have it, because [k] which is placed in the initial position of word or syllable must be aspirated [kh].

2) Mandarin pinyin “k”

Mandarin pinyin “k” is pronounced [kh]. For example, the word kou (mouth) is pronounced /khou/. English also has this phone such as in the word cat which is pronounced /khæt/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “h”

Mandarin pinyin “h” is pronounced the same as [h] which English has. For example, the word hei (black) is pronounced /hei/. The example in English phone is in the word he which is pronounced /hi/.

d) Palatal

Palatal is sound which is formed with the back and middle part of the tongue close to or touching the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “j”

Mandarin pinyin “j” is pronounced [c] with no aspiration. The example is the word jiao (sleep) which is pronounced /ciau/.

2) Mandarin pinyin “q”

Mandarin pinyin “q” is pronounced [k + c] with no aspiration. The example is the word qian which is pronounced /k+cien/. This is a special sound that Mandarin has but English does not have this phone.

3) Mandarin pinyin “x”

Mandarin pinyin “x” is pronounced [s] using the tongue body (see picture 3-a above). The example is the word xi (west) which is pronounced /si/. English does not have this phone, but it is almost similar to [s] in the word see which is pronounced /si:/.

e) Dental Sibilant

Dental Sibilant is sound which is formed with the tip of the tongue close to or touching the back of the upper front teeth.

1) Mandarin pinyin “z”

Mandarin pinyin “z” is pronounced [ts] without aspiration, but with an air pressure. It is almost similar to the “ts” in hats in English. The example is the word zi (son) which is pronounced /tsә /. In Mandarin, this is a phone, not a phoneme, because, it is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units. So, English does not have this sound as a phone.

2) Mandarin Pinyin “c”

Mandarin pinyin “c” is pronounced [tsh] with aspiration and almost similar to the "tsh" sound in "it's heavy". The example is the word can (shy) which is pronounced /tshan/. In Mandarin, this is a phone, not a phoneme, because, it is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units. So, English does not have this sound as phone.

3) Mandarin pinyin “s”

Mandarin pinyin “s” is pronounced [s] using the tongue tip (see picture 3-a above). The example is the word sì (four) which is pronounced /sә/. English has this phone. It is almost similar to [s].

f) Retroflex

Retroflex is sound which is formed with the tongue curled back so that it touches (or almost touches) the hard part of the roof of the mouth.

1) Mandarin Pinyin “zh”

In this sound, the tongue is thrown forward from the curled back position. It is pronounced [thsr] with no aspiration in English. It is almost similar to “rch” in “church”. The example is the word zhi (this) which is pronounced /thsrә /. English does not have this sound as a phone because in Mandarin this is a phone, not a phoneme. It is a speech sound and not a stock of sound units.

2) Mandarin pinyin “ch”

Mandarin pinyin “ch” is pronounced [ch] with aspiration. The example is the word che (eat) which is pronounced /chә /. This is a kind special sound that Mandarin has but English does not have this phone because there is no [c] with aspiration in English.

3) Mandarin Pinyin “sh”

Mandarin pinyin “sh” is pronounced [ ∫ ]. The example is the word shí (ten) which is pronounced / ∫ә /. English also has this kind of phone like the word she which is pronounced / ∫i /.

4) Mandarin pinyin “r”

Mandarin pinyin “r” is pronounced [r]. The example is the word ri (sun) which is pronounced /rә/. English has this phone. It is similar to [r] in the word race which is pronounced /reis/.

g) Other Comments on Initial Letters in Mandarin Chinese

1) Mandarin pinyin “w”

In Mandarin, this is a special case that the syllable "wu" is pronounced [u]. The example is the word wŭ (five) which is pronounced /u/. This case will be explained in allophone session. In general case, phone [w] is found in the word weì which is pronounced /wei/. English also has this kind of phone like the word we which is pronounced / wi /.

2) Mandarin pinyin “y”

In Mandarin, this is a special case the syllable “yi” is pronounced [i], and the syllable “yu” is pronounced [ü]. The example is the word yu (language) which is pronounced /ü/. It is similar when a native speaker of English says "yeee", then keeps the tongue exactly where it is and let the sound continue while the lip shape like saying “yuuu”.

2. Final Sounds

Final sounds in Mandarin contain some vowels. Some of them are simple final sound which contains one vowel; and compound and nasal final sounds which contain more than one vowel or nasal sounds.

a) Simple Final Sounds (One Vowel)

1) Mandarin pinyin “a”

Mandarin pinyin “a” is always pronounced [a], like the word mā (mother). It is pronounced /ma/ in high level flat tone. It is the same as [a] in the word nà (that). It is pronounced /na/ in falling tone. English also has this phone like in the word larva which is pronounced /larvә/.

2) Mandarin pinyin “e”

In Mandarin language there is no [æ]. The letter “e” is always pronounced [ә]. For example, the word dēng (lamp) is pronounced /tәng/. But in some cases pinyin “e” will be pronounced [e] when it is connected with other vowel. This case will be explained in the session of compound vowel sounds and allophone variations. English also has this phone like in the word larva which is pronounced /larvә/.

3) Mandarin pinyin “i”

Mandarin pinyin “i” is pronounced [i] as almost languages in the world have it. For example, the word nĭ (you) is pronounced [ni]. There are specific cases with vowel “i”. The first case is if the initial sounds are retroflex [ch], [zh], [sh], [r] or dental sibilant [c], [s], [z]; the “i” is pronounced [ә]. For example in the word lǎoshī (teacher) is pronounced /laushә/.

4) Mandarin pinyin “o”

Mandarin pinyin “o” is sometimes pronounced [o] when the initial phone is [w] or [u]. But it will be pronounced [u] when it is connected to several phones. This will be explained in compound final sounds and nasal final sounds.

5) Mandarin pinyin “u”

In many cases pinyin “u” is pronounced [u], but there is a special case. It is pronounced [ü] when the beginning of the syllables is pinyin “j” [c], “q” [k+c], “x” [s], or “y” [i]. For example, the word qu (go) which is pronounced /k+cü/. This will be explained in session allophone.

b) Compound Final Sounds (two vowels)

This type of final sounds is the same as diphthong. It is two vowels which are compounded and make new phone or phoneme. Generally it is almost the same as English diphthong except in some cases, Mandarin has own rules.

1) Mandarin pinyin “ai”

Mandarin pinyin “ai” is pronounced /ai/. For example, the word mǎi (to buy) is pronounced /mai/. The phoneme /ai/ is similar to the word I in English. So, this diphthong is also owned by English phonetic system.

2) Mandarin pinyin “ao”

Mandarin pinyin “ao” is pronounced /aw/. For example, the word hǎo (good/nice) is pronounced /haw/. It is similar to the word how in English. So, this diphthong is also owned by English phonetic system.

3) Mandarin pinyin “-ei”

Mandarin pinyin “ei” is pronounced /ei/. Both Mandarin and English have this phone. The example in English is the word lay which is pronounced /lei/ and in Mandarin, weì (Hello in telephone) is pronounced /wei/.

4) Mandarin pinyin “ia” or “ya”

Mandarin pinyin “ia” or “ya” are pronounced /ia/. Both Mandarin and English have this diphthong phone. The example in English is the word via which is pronounced /via/ and in Mandarin deng yixia (wait a minute) is pronounced /təng i:sia/.

5) Mandarin pinyin “iao” or “yao”

Mandarin pinyin “iao” or “yao” is pronounced /yau/; the example is the word xiao (small) which is pronounced /syau/. English does not have this diphthong’s phone.

6) Mandarin pinyin “ie” or”ye”

Mandarin pinyin “ie” or “ye” is pronounced /ye/ by native speaker of Mandarin. The example is the word xie (to write) which is pronounced /sie/.

7) Mandarin pinyin “you”

Mandarin pinyin “you” is pronounced /you/, the example is the word méi yŏu (nothing or does not have) which is pronounced /mei:you/. English does not have this kind of diphthong.

8) Mandarin pinyin “-ou”

Mandarin pinyin “ou” is pronounced /ou/ with a stressing in the [o]. For example, in the word gŏu (dog) is pronounced /kou/ with a stressing in the phone [o]. English phonetic system does not have this kind of diphthong, yet Mandarin has it.

9) Mandarin pinyin “wa”

Mandarin pinyin “wa” is pronounced /wa/. Both Mandarin and English have this phoneme. For example, in English the word wow is pronounced /waw/ and in Mandarin, the word qīngwā (frog) is pronounced /k+ciŋwa/.

10) Mandarin pinyin “-uai”

Mandarin pinyin “uai” is pronounced /wai/. For example, the word kuài (hurry) is pronounced /khwai/. English does not have this phoneme.

11) Mandarin pinyin “-üe”

Mandarin pinyin “üe” is pronounced / üe /. For example, the word xüé (to study) is pronounced /süe/. English does not have this kind of phoneme.

12) Mandarin pinyin “uo”

Mandarin pinyin “uo” is pronounced /uo/ just like in the word shuō (to talk). It is pronounced /∫uo/. English does not have this diphthong phoneme.

c) Nasal Final Sounds

Nasal final sounds are single or compound vowel followed by [n] or [ŋ] as the final phone of a syllable. Nasals are pronounced through the nose. In Mandarin Chinese, a sound which ends with [n] (an alveolar nasal) is known as front nasals, while a sound which ends with [ŋ] (a velar nasal) is known as back nasals.

1) Front Nasal

i. Mandarin pinyin “an”

Mandarin pinyin “an” is pronounced /an/. The example is the word kàn (to see/to watch) which is pronounced /khan/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in the word fun which is pronounced /fan/.

ii. Mandarin pinyin “en”

Mandarin pinyin “en” is pronounced /әn/. For example, the word fēn (divide) is pronounced /fәn/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in word moment which is pronounced /mowmәnt/.

iii. Mandarin pinyin “ian”

Mandarin pinyin “ian” is pronounced /ian/. For example, the word qian (money) is pronounced /k+cien/. This is a kind of allophone “e” in Mandarin and will be discussed in allophone variation session.

iv. Mandarin pinyin “in”

Mandarin pinyin “in” is pronounced /in/. The example is the word xīn (new) which is pronounced /sin/. English also has this phoneme as the final syllable like in word bin which is pronounced /bin/.

v. Mandarin pinyin “üan”

Mandarin pinyin “uan” is pronounced /üan/. For example, the word xuán (to spin) is pronounced /süan/. English does not have final /wan/ in its phonetic system.

vi. Mandarin pinyin “ün”

This sound occurs only in the syllables jun /cün/, qun /k+cün/, xun /sün/ and yun /ün/. English absolutely does not have this kind of the phoneme as the final syllable.

2) Back Nasal

i. Mandarin pinyin “-eng”

In Mandarin, pinyin “eng” is pronounced /әŋ/ like in the word neng (can/able) which is pronounced /nәŋ/. English does not have this phonetic system.

ii. Mandarin pinyin “-ang”

Mandarin pinyin “ang” is pronounced /aŋ/, e.g. the word yinháng (bank) is pronounced /i:nhaŋ/. English has this phonetic system just like in word swung which is pronounced /swaŋ/.

iii. Mandarin pinyin “-ing”

Mandarin pinyin “ing” is pronounced /iŋ/. The example is in the word líng (zero) which is pronounced /liŋ/. English has this phoneme as the final syllable such as in word swimming which is pronounced /swimmiŋ/.

iv. Mandarin pinyin “-ong”

Mandarin pinyin “ong” is pronounced /uŋ/ like in word long (dragon) which is pronounced /luŋ/. English does not have this phonetic system.

d) Special Case of the Final [~r]

Sometimes the syllable "er" () is added to the end of words – especially on nouns. This is the most common in Chinese spoken by people from Beijing. yidianr (a little) is pronounced /itien~r/. Basically, this added [~r] changes the pronunciation of the previous syllable, so that the entire final part of the syllable is pronounced as a retroflex with an [~r] at the end. In short, the [~r] moves the pronunciation of the syllable backwards in the mouth.

A. The Comparison of the Allophone Variations of Mandarin and English Phone

It is known that in English phonetics, an allophone is shown in [p], [t], and [k] phones. [pʰ] in pin and [p] in spin are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English because they occur in complementary distribution. English speakers generally treat these as the same sound, but they are different; the first is aspirated and the second is unaspirated (plain). Plain [p] also occurs like the “p” in cap /kæp/, or the second “p” in paper /pʰeipɚ/. In contexts where plain p appears in English like spin, cap, paper, speakers may hear it like /b/ since the “p” in these contexts lacks the burst of air found with the “p” in pin.

In Mandarin, aspiration is not an allophone because Mandarin speakers treat aspirated sound as different sound (Huang and Friends, 1997). [t] is different phone from [th]. It is not like in English phonetic system. Besides, for Mandarin speaker an allophone occurs in vowel [o], [a], and [u].

1. Allophone of Mandarin [o]

The allophone of Mandarin [o] occurs when [o] begins with [u]; and when it begins with any phone which ends with nasal [ŋ]. When phone [o] begins with initial sound [u] or [w], the phone [o] sounds like the standard IPA’s [o]. For example, the word wŏ (I/me) it is pronounced /wo/. But, when [o] begins with any phone which is ended with nasal [ŋ], the phone [o] becomes [u]. The example in the word lōng (dragon) will be pronounced /luŋ/.

2. Allophone of Mandarin [u]

The Allophone of Mandarin [u] occurs when [u] begins with palatal as the initials. The phone [u] becomes [ü]. The examples of syllables which should be pronounced [u], but pronounced [ü] are as follows:

1) Ju (to catch) is pronounced [cü]

2) qu (go) is pronounced [k+cü]

3) xue (to study) is pronounced [süe]

4) yu (language) is pronounced [ü], the initial consonant is not pronounced.

3. Allophone of Mandarin [a]

Mandarin has phone [a] like the word mā (mother) which is pronounced [ma]. But there is an allophone of [a] in mandarin. The allophone of [a] occurs when [a] begins with [i] and ends with nasal [n]. The phone [a] becomes [e]. The example is the word qian (money) which is not pronounced [k+cian] but it is pronounced [k+cien].

B. The Comparison Between Mandarin and English Suprasegmental Phoneme

In this research, the researcher only focuses on one suprasegmental phoneme, the Tone or pitch of the language. The researcher focuses on it because the tone is the most contrastive within both languages English and Mandarin. Alwarg states that tonal languages such as Mandarin also contain lexical tones, tones which produce a different meaning when a syllable is produced with a different tone contour (2007: par. 7). Besides, English uses intonation to express emphasis, contrast, emotion, or other such atmospheres.

In Mandarin Chinese there are four tones:

1. The 1^st tone is marked with a line ("ma" + "^-" = "mā").

This is a high and constant tone; it is a steady high sound.

2. The 2^nd tone is marked with a rising line ("ma" + "´" = "má").

This is a rising tone that grows stronger; it is a sound that rises from mid-level tone to high.

3. The 3^rd tone is marked with a hook ("ma" + "^v" = "mă").

This tone is first falling and fading, then rising and growing strong. It has a mid-low to low descent; at the end of a sentence or before a pause, it is then followed by a rising pitch.

4. The 4^th tone is marked with a falling line ("ma" + "`" = "mà").

This is a quickly falling and fading tone. It features a sharp downward accent from high to low, and is a shorter tone, similar to curt commands (“tones and marking of tones”, 2006: par.1).

Mandarin not only has the allophone, but also allotone. An allotone is one of several similar tones that belong to the same phoneme which depends on the sequences of tone (“Standard Mandarin-tones”, 2007:par. 2). When a Mandarin native speaker pronounces a sequence of tones, the tones will not always remain the same. The most common details to be noted are:

1. The word yī which is meant "one" is usually of the 1^st tone. However this word will be pronounced with the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 4^th tone. It will be pronounced with the 4^th tone when directly preceding the 2^nd or the 3^rd tones. Example: yīgè is pronounced as yígè, while yīběn is pronounced as yìběn.

2. The word bù (no) is usually of the 4^th tone. However this word will be pronounced with the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 4^th tone. Example: bùshì (is not) is pronounced as búshì

3. Every syllable that is usually pronounced with the 3^rd tone will turn into the 2^nd tone when directly preceding the 3^rd tone. For example: liăng běn shū (two books) is pronounced as "liáng běn shū.

Previous chapter :
CHAPTER I
CHAPETR II

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN SYNTACTIC DEVICES

ABSTRACT

This S1 thesis entitled ”Contrastive Analysis Between English and Indonesian Syntactic Devices” is intended to give a description of English and Indonesian syntactic devices and to show the similarities and differences between them. The research type used in the study is descriptive research on which it is based on the descriptive data.

The objects of the research are English and Indonesian Syntactic devices taken from the books Understanding English Grammar by Wardhaugh Ronald (1977), The Structure of American English by W. Nelson Francis (1986) Modern English A Practical References Guide by Marcella Frank (1972), Introduction To Linguistic Analysis by Ramelan (1992), Essential of English Sentence Structure by Nuryanto (1986), Analisis Bahasa by Samsuri (1994) Tata Bahasa Indonesia, Sekolah Menegah Tingkat Atas by Gorys Keraf (1985) Tata Bahasa Baru Bahasa Indonesia by S. Takdir Alisyahbana (1980) Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia by Gorys Keraf (1991) Tata Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia by Samsuri (1981). In collecting the data, the writer uses the four techniques: except Teknik Rekam. Teknik Catat is used to find the data of verbs in many books. Teknik Pisah is used to separate English from Indonesian syntactic devices. Teknik Balik is used to translate some Indonesian vocabularies to English syntactic devices. In analyzing the data contrastive analysis is applied to find the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian syntactic devices.

After analyzing the data, it is found that both English and Indonesian have syntactical devices. English has five syntactical devices: inflection, derivation, word order and basic sentence patterns, function words, and prosody, and Indonesian language also has five syntactical devices: infleksi, derivasi, kata tugas, tertib kata and pola dasar kalimat, and intonasi and both have the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian in syntactic devices. The similarities are: (1) English and Indonesian use inflectional suffixes. (2) English and Indonesian derivational processes use derivational affixes including prefixes and suffixes. (3) In English and Indonesian sentences, the subject always comes before the predicate or the verb, two basic sentence patterns of English and Indonesian are similar as in S + V (English) similar to FN + FV (4) To lengthen a sentence, English and Indonesian function words use prepositions, conjunctions, and coordinators. (5) English and Indonesian show pitch, stress, and juncture. The differences between English and Indonesian syntactic devices are: (1) English inflection formations show the plural suffixes and possessive suffix meanwhile Indonesian inflections show prefix what consists of prefix me-, ber-, pe-, and ter- and suffix –kan. (2) Indonesian syntactic devices show prefixes but English syntactic devices only show suffixes (3) Indonesian derivational processes use confixes and infixes meanwhile English use derivational prefix and suffix. (4); An English sentence always needs a verb or at least there must be a linking verbs; meanwhile Indonesian language has FN + FA, FN1 + FN2, and FN + FNu; English and Indonesian are also different in terms of word order on which the modifier of English noun phrase usually comes in front of the headword; meanwhile, Indonesian language has the other way arround. (5) English and Indonesian function words are different on their kinds and Indonesian function words use particles (-kah, -lah, and –pun). (6) Indonesian shows duration but there is no duration in English. (7) English stress can change the meaning of the words but Indonesian stress does not change the meaning of words.

- A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH

By:
USWATUN HASANAH
00026063

ABSTRACT

English is not an easy language to be mastered. One of the English language items which often cause difficulty is an adjective. The existence of adjective can not be ignored since it is often found in written text or spoken. In short, the adjective is one of the most frequently used language items, whether it is in English and Dermayonese. Based on that problem, this study is focused on English and Dermayonese adjectives.

This study was conducted to answer some problems related to English and Dermayonese adjectives. The problems are about the similarities and differences between English and Dermayonese adjectives in kinds, forms, functions and positions. In doing this study, the writer obtained the data from library. The data were gathered from many grammar books in library. This study used a contrastive analysis. This kind of analysis describes the comparison of two or more languages in order to determine both of similarities and differences between them.

As the result of the study, the writer can conclude there are similarities and differences between English and Dermayonese adjectives. The similarity in kinds of English and Dermayonese adjectives is consist proper adjectives, descriptive adjectives, quantitative adjectives, numeral adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, interrogative adjectives, distributive adjectives and possessive adjectives. In the forms of English and Dermayonese adjectives the similarity is that it can be in simple, compound, and derivative forms. The difference of forms English and Dermayonese adjectives is in reduplication. In Dermayonese there are the reduplication adjectives forms. Whereas in English there is not found the reduplication adjectives forms. The position of English and Dermayonese adjectives is different. In English, the position of adjectives can be placed before the nouns they modify and can be placed after the nouns they modify by adding linking verb before the adjectives. Whereas in Dermayonese, the adjectives are always placed after the nouns they modify. The function of English and Dermayonese adjectives can be attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.

THE INTERFERENCE OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE MEMBERS OF DEBATING COMMUNITY AT AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

By
Ervina
03026010

ABSTRACT

Learning a foreign language especially English is done after the native language is acquired as the background. As a result, there is strong tendency that the habit in using native language’s rule interfere the production of foreign language. The Interference may take place in some areas of linguistics, such as in Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Vocabulary and meaning.

This study is intended to identify the Interference of Indonesian language in an English debate. There are two objectives to be achieved: (1) to describe kinds of Interference spoken by the members of Debating Community at Ahmad Dahlan University, and (2) to find out the correct form of the Interference spoken by the members of Debating Community at Ahmad Dahlan University.
In achieving those two objectives, the writer conducts the descriptive qualitative study, since the data which are performed are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. In order to analyze the Interference, she uses Contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis is the aspect of linguistics to identify the structural differences between two languages. It is conducted by contrasting the distinctive features owned by both languages. She also uses several techniques to collect the data, including Recording Technique, Note Technique, and Transferring Technique. She gains primary data by recording all the utterances spoken by the debaters during debate.

The result of the study shows that there are some errors spoken by the debaters which are caused by the rules of Indonesian language. They are Transfer in Morpho-syntax and Vocabulary. Transfer in Morpho-syntax covers the error in choosing Pronoun, Omission of To be, Tense, Plural Form, Negative Form of a Word, Concord, Redundancy, Lack of To Infinitive, and Comparison. Transfer in Vocabulary happens because Indonesian has fewer words than English to point out a thing. This condition is called by under-differentiation. Further, the analysis also performs the correct form of the structure and vocabulary of the Interference.