E. Review on Related Studies

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

E. Review on Related Studies

This research is related to a thesis Tones in Whispered Chinese: Articulator Features and Perceptual Cues by Man Gao from University of Victoria which was published in internet in 2002. The researcher got the thesis’ source from a website, and then uses the thesis to support this research.

This thesis analyzes tones in Mandarin when someone talks by whispering. This thesis describes tone in deep analysis. The similarity of Man Gao’s research with this research is both of the researches talk about suprasegmental phoneme especially tone of Mandarin. The difference is this research studies general object in Phonology, but Man Gao analyzes specifically in tone in Mandarin when someone talks by whispering.

This research is also related to a thesis A Comparative Study on the Bangkanese Malay and the English Phonological System by Wibadayulastuti from English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Ahmad Dahlan University which was submitted in 2003. The researcher got the S1 graduating paper from the library of Ahmad Dahlan University. This thesis analyzes the comparison between Bangkanese Malay to be compared with English Phonological System. The similarity with this graduating paper is the research compares Phonological system in two languages. The difference is that research compares Bangkanese Malay and English languages, but this research compares Mandarin and English.

Next Item : F. Method of Research

Previous Item :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Scope of the Study

D. Scope of the Study

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

D. Scope of the Study
In phonetics, it is known about segment and suprasegmental phoneme. Segment is used primarily to refer to any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech (“segment”, 2007: par.1). It is known that sound classes in the segment are divided into two major classes, consonants and vowels. Then another class of sound is glides which is a type of sound which shows properties of both consonants and vowels.

Mandarin has two letter’s models; Hanzi (kanji) and Pinyin. Hanzi is a logogram used in Chinese’s writing. In Chinese tradition, each character corresponds to a single syllable. It has no patent alphabet like other language, or in other words, there is no ABC system; the number of Chinese characters contained in the Kangxi dictionary is approximately 47,035, although a large number of these are rarely-used variants accumulated throughout history (“Hanzi”, 2006: par.2) Each letter represents one word and has one or some meaning. Besides, Pinyin is Latin symbol which symbolize Mandarin’s phone. There are many articles which describe some definition about Mandarin Pinyin as follows:

Pinyin is a Chinese system for transliterating Mandarin Chinese with 25 European characters (the letter "v" is never used). The pronunciation of most of the letters is similar to pronunciation to the European counterparts, but there are notable differences (“pinyin”, 2006: par.1)

Based on the statement above, Pinyin is almost similar to A-B-C system, but the sound of its symbols has many differences from A-B-C symbols in English. Pinyin is a Chinese alphabet symbol which represents European alphabet symbol to make Mandarin easier to be learnt. In another source, Pinyin is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use. Pin means "spell" and yin means "sound". It is also known as scheme of the Chinese phonetic alphabet (“pinyin”, 2007: par.1). Pinyin uses Roman letters to represent sounds in Standard Mandarin. The way these letters represent sounds in Standard Mandarin differ from other languages that use the Roman alphabetical phone. For example, the sounds indicated in pinyin by [b] and [g] correspond more closely to the sounds indicated by [p] and [k] in some Western uses of the Latin script. So that, this research only focuses on Pinyin system in order to make the research easier.

This research examines how Mandarin phones are pronounced, and also to analyze the function of suprasegmental phoneme (tone) in Mandarin. All phones in language have some suprasegmental phoneme or prosodic properties which are not related to the place or manner of articulation. These properties are pitch, loudness, and length. The researcher will describe the comparison between Mandarin and English tone, because Mandarin is a kind of tone language that can make a different meaning in a same syllable.

Next Item : E. Review on Related Studies

Previous Item :
A. Background for Choosing the Study
B. Problem Formulation
C. Objectives of the Study

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUENT AND RESONANT CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH SYLLABLE STRUCTURES

By
Wiwit Sugiyarti
04004173

ABSTRACT

This research entitled “A study on the relationship between the obstruent
and resonant consonants in English syllable structures” is intended to describe the form of English obstruent and resonant consonants and their distribution as well as their relationship in a syllable.

This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The use of qualitative research is suitable since this research creates an analysis procedure and does not use any statistic procedure. The data of the research are mostly monosyllabic words containing of obstruent and resonant consonant as the element of the English syllable structure. In collecting the data the researcher employs documentary technique, which deals with the written sources such as English Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary as the primary sources and English phonological and phonetic books as the secondary sources.

In analyzing the data, the researcher employs the distributional technique and descriptive technique to reveal the distribution and relationship of the obstruent and resonant consonant.

The result of the study shows that in their distribution, both obstruent and resonant consonants may appear in single or cluster to take the onset and coda position of a syllable. Besides that, the certain resonant consonant such as / l / and / n / can also appear as the syllable nucleus. In English phonotactic rules of syllable, the permissible onset cluster is limited to three consonants while the permissible coda cluster is limited to four consonants. In the onset cluster, obstruent consonant always precedes the resonant consonant while in the coda cluster; obstruent consonant always follows the resonant consonant. Based on these phenomenas, the possible pattern of syllabe’s onset are OV, RV, OORV, OOV, and ORV, while the possible pattern of syllable’s coda are VO, VR, VOOOO, VOOO, VROO, VRO, and VOO. O stands for obstruent, V stands for vowel and R stands for resonant. Related to these pattern, obstruent and resonant consonant have close relationship in the syllable building process.

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH STRESS PATTERNS

ABSTRACT

The research entitled “A Descriptive Analysis of English Stress Pattern” is intended to describe the English stress pattern, kinds of English stress pattern and the relationship between stress position and word meaning.



This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The use of a qualitative research is suitable with the methods of analyzing data of this research. The data of this research are words taken from Oxford dictionary which use the kinds of stress and some sentences which use the different stress position. In collecting the data, the writer uses library technique, noting, and analyzing text. In analyzing the data, the writer notes some words from Oxford dictionary. The data are marked, classified and analyzed them based on the kinds of stress position.

The result of this research shows that there are three kinds of stress word position, namely primary stress, secondary stress and weak stress which are used in monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and polysyllabic word of the Oxford Dictionary. The position of stress is variable and its pattern is not a fixed rule form. There is a difference meaning when the stress of either word or sentence word changes. The stress position of some words which have two kinds of stress placement, have two functions and of course the meaning of those words is different. If the first syllable of those word is stressed, its function is noun while if the second syllable of those word is stressed its function is adjective or verb. Because of the function is different, the meaning of word will be different too. It appears in the stress placement of the sentence too. The stress can be placed in all kinds of words of sentence. The different word stress placement of the same sentence makes the meaning of the sentence different too.

A STUDY OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES USED IN SAM RAIMI’S SPIDERMAN (MOVIE VERSION)

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ‘A Study of Imperative Sentences Used in Sam Raimi’s Spiderman (Movie Version) aims to find out the types, functions and sentence structures of imperative sentences in Spiderman movie directed by Sam Raimi.


This study uses descriptive qualitative method since the writer does not use any statistical procedure in analyzing the data. The writer takes the sentences said by the characters in the movie as data source of this study. Noting technique is applied in this research. She identifies and classifies the types, functions and sentence structures of imperative sentences used in Spiderman movie.

The result of this study shows that there are some types, functions, and sentences structures of imperative sentences used in the movie. The types of the imperative sentences are imperative with subject, imperative without subject, imperative with let, and negative imperative. The functions of the imperative sentences are to express command, to express request, to express prohibition, to give advice, and to give suggestion. The sentence structures of imperative sentences are don’t + bare infinitive + object + adverb, bare infinitive + object + adverb, and no + Ving

Action Research

"From his clear description of the detailed and demanding work of collecting and analyzing data to the exploration of the broader historical and theoretical foundations of action research, Stringer provides an engaging and accessible introduction to students and community-based researchers. Using his own experience as a guide, Stringer’s style is personable and inviting, but at the same time he calls upon aspiring action researchers to grapple with the broader political and ethical challenges that frame our inquiry and the daily personal and professional demands of engaged social inquiry. He convinces us that we, too, want to do action research, and then shows how to do it!"
-Mary Brydon-Miller, University of Cincinnati

Community-based action research seeks to involve as active participants those who have traditionally been called subjects and is intended to result in a practical outcome related to the lives or work of the participants. No matter the setting-organizational, institutional, or educational-there are particular skills needed to conduct action research successfully. In Action Research, author Ernest T. Stringer provides a series of tools that assist the researcher in working through the research process. The Third Edition of this popular text provides a simple but highly effective model for approaching action research: * Look: Building a picture and gathering information * Think: Interpreting and explaining * Act: Resolving issues and problems.

Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization

Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization - Second Edition is an essential starting point for any student or researcher about to embark on an action research project in the fields of organization studies, health studies and education studies.

Revised and updated throughout, the Second Edition contains:

- No-nonsense guidance to the basics of doing action research projects

- Detailed coverage of both theory and methods in action research

- Up-to-date discussions of action learning and the role of the researcher

- A focus on the politics and ethics of action research

- Help for students and researchers in a wide range of different types of organization

- Exercises and help with writing-up your research

This book is essential reading for students and established academics alike seeking an entry-point to conducting research in their own organizations.

The Action Research Dissertation: A Guide for Students and Faculty

"The Action Research Dissertation should be required reading for any student contemplating using an action research approach in a thesis or dissertation project. Kathryn Herr and Gary Anderson serve as able and amiable navigators through the challenging but equally rewarding process of planning, carrying out, and completing an action research dissertation. Clear explanations, compelling exemplars, and an honest discussion of the challenges of conducting an action research project combined with a sense of the passion and commitment of those who choose this path, make the volume a balanced and engaging guide to all would-be action researchers." (Mary Brydon-Miller )

"This book fills an important gap in the action research literature by specifically addressing the growing practice of action research master’s studies and doctoral dissertations in colleges and universities throughout the world. Like the authors’ previous work, this book provides a broad and clear overview of the varieties of action research. The discussion of the underlying choices that action researchers operating in a university degree program need to make and how such choices affect the quality of an action research project from different perspectives is an extremely valuable resource for students and faculty. I plan to use this book with my own graduate students on a regular basis." (Ken Zeichner )

Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher

Known for its practical, step-by-step guidance for teachers on how to do research in classrooms. Born of the author's own experience working with teachers and principals, this book provides a step-by-step outline of how to "do" action research--backed by the most extensive theory and research coverage on the market today. The author guides future educators through the action research process via numerous concrete illustrations and a wealth of on-line resources; positioning it as a fundamental component of teaching, alongside curriculum development, assessment, and classroom management.

Key changes in the revision include: a new chapter on ethics (Chapter 5), expanded discussion of literature review, expanded discussion of data collection techniques using quantitative data collection techniques, expanded coverage of data analysis and interpretation techniques, and expanded coverage of descriptive statistics in Appendix B. Accessible, comprehensive, scholastically sound--this is a "hands-on" guide for anyone who aspires to be an exceptional educator. FEATURES: *NEW! Expanded coverage of "Ethics"--Includes a new chapter devoted to ethics (Chapter 5). *NEW!Revised and increased discussion of quantitative data techniques--Found throughout Chapter 3. *NEW! Expanded discussion on the use of style manuals (e.g., APA Manual of Style)-- Readers can find this important, applicable information in the newly added Chapter 8. *NEW! Increased discussion of descriptive statistics and action research-- Includes other ways to calculate standard deviation, not just by using SPSS (Appendix B). *NEW! Rearranged order of chapters pertaining to the writing of and sharing of action research-- Presents a clearer path to understanding. *Now in the new edition readers will learn about "Writing Up Action Research" (Chapter 8) before the "Sharing, Critiquing, and Celebrating Action Research" (Chapter 9). *Coverage of how to visually display qualitative data in appendix. * Provides basic usable tools for presenting and interpreting qualitative data. *Explanation of the four-step action research process--Accompanied by various models and discussion of each step's impact on results. * Guides, step-by-step, through conducting action research--identifying focus area, collecting data, analyzing/interpreting data, and action planning.* Explanation of the "3 E's" of data collection--Experiencing, enquiring, and examining. * Ensures teachers understand the crucial importance of thorough data collection to the success of any research. *Case study of Curtis Elementary School --Presented in Appendix I--follows the text's action research process as it happens in an example school.

C.Objectives of the Study

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, the researcher has some objectives of the study as follows:


1.To describe the comparison between Mandarin and English phoneme dealing with the phonemic system.

2.To identify and to compare the allophone variations of Mandarin and English phone.

3.To describe the comparison between Mandarin and English suprasegmental phoneme.


Next Item : D. Scope of the Study

previous items :
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation

B. Problem Formulation

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

B. Problem Formulation

To make this research is understood easily, the researcher makes the formulation of the problems as follows:



1. How is the comparison between Mandarin and English phoneme dealing with the phonemic system?

2. How are the comparisons of the allophone variations of Mandarin and English phone?

3. How is the comparison between Mandarin and English suprasegmental phoneme?


see previous item : A. Background for Choosing the Study

see next part : C. Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION : A.Background for Choosing the Study

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

by
Raditya Adipromono
04 026 055

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background for Choosing the Study

It is known that people can understand each other when they speak in a particular language because it is an essential thing in human communication. People use language to make an interaction to other people. By communication which uses a language, someone is able to transfer some ideas and information to someone else.

It is a fact that a student of English Department must have an ability to speak English, and also is able to criticize linguistic aspect in a language like sound, tone (pitch), syllable, etc. In human speech, sound is the basic of human speaking. Sound here in Linguistics is recognized as phone. So that phone is common need of speech communication. But each language has its phone system. It can cause misspelling when a speaker speaks another language which is different from the speaker’s mother tongue. For example it is difficult for Chinese person who speaks English to say “vision”, because in Mandarin language, there is no [v] phone. On the contrary, English speaker usually has a difficulty to speak Mandarin language, because it has different phone spelling and some tones which can make different meaning.
The phenomena above will be analyzed by the writer especially the phonological aspect on Mandarin and English phone. The researcher interested to discuss about Mandarin phone which is so different from English. Many languages -except Mandarin- use tone to express contrast, emotion, or other situation without changing the lexical meaning. In the contrary, all syllables of Mandarin language carry a lexical meaning. This makes the researcher has interest on the aesthetic value in art of a language. The researcher chooses Mandarin for this research because the researcher feels that the materials of this research are known enough by the researcher and it will be beneficial to this study.

B. Problem Formulation

CRITICISM TOWARD CAPITALISM AS REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS ‘OLIVER TWIST

by
Rudy Rakhman Hakim
NIM. 02026126

ABSTRACT

Charles Dickens with his famous works Oliver Twist tells about little child whose his life is always in sorrow. But the boy never loose his virtue attitude. It gives a precious lesson about life. Like most of Dickens’ works that always points about social life, especially poor society. The style of telling the story without any means to teach, but tend to show the reality that makes the reader feels the condition in that novel. He tries to explore condition of poor society in detail. So it seems like England history fact in Victorian era. Dickens intelligent reveals clearly in this novel. Because he can criticizes the capitalism system without making conflict with the capitalist. Even Oliver Twist becomes one of the biggest novels ever created. So criticism toward capitalism is the way to find the answer.

In conducting the research, the writer of this graduating paper applies qualitative descriptive method. Content analysis is employed to find the data inside the novel. These are done with the aim to see the deep misery and contents of the text through words, conversations, sentences, paragraphs, and also some quotations related. Thus the writer employs criticism toward capitalism that stated by Karl Marx with his concept about socialism.

Based on the research, the writer obtains some significant findings to be understood. Oliver Twist contains a lot of message of moral value and criticism toward capitalism in Victorian era. Social gaps between rich people and poor people are wide created. Application of capitalism that is out of control caused children becomes victim too. Not just violent victim children also enslaved as labor and treated improper. The existence of a workhouse that actually is pictorial from means of production, factory. Because in the workhouse children are not protected, but they must work as labor and the officer of a workhouse is a bourgeoisie .

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This research entitled A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MANDARIN AND ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM is intended to explain about phonemic system of Mandarin and English. This research also discusses the allophone variation and also the suprasegmental.

This research uses qualitative method. The data are taken from books, dictionary, and also oral speaking. The researcher analyzes the data which is not designed using statistics procedures. To collect the data, the researcher uses Metode Simak (Observation Method). The researcher also uses Teknik Catat (Writing Technique) to collect the data. The researcher uses comparative analysis to analyze and describe the data by comparing two languages based on the kind of sounds of each language. The researcher uses phonological approach as the basic knowledge background to analyze some problems in this research paper.

The result of the research shows that there are some different phones between English and Mandarin phonemic system. The different speech sounds (phone) between English and Mandarin are in initial sounds and final sounds. This research also shows the difference function of suprasegmental phoneme especially the tone between English and Mandarin.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

CHILDREN FRIENDSHIP IN AFGHANISTAN TRIBES AS REFLECTED IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

By:
Dwi Wahyu Pratiwi
04004017

ABSTRACT

One of Khaled Hosseini’s works is The Kite Runner. One aspect stood out of this novel is children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel. This research entitled “Children Friendship in Afghanistan Tribe as Reflected in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner” is intended to describe the Afghan’s life and the children friendship and explor the moral values of the novel.

The type of the research is the library research. The subject of the research is the novel The Kite Runner. Children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel is the object of this research. The researcher used the observation and documentation method to collect the data. After the data is gathered, the researcher focusing on analyzing the story of the novel to find out the children friendship in Afghanistan tribe as reflected in the novel. The researcher used literary research by descriptive qualitative method and supported by one of Wellek and Waren’s sociology of literature.

The result of the study can be concluded as follow: in the novel The Kite Runner found that Hosseini is able to describe first, the Afghan’s life, second, the fact about the children friendship in Afghanistan tribe which consist of making children friendship in Afghanistan tribe richer and stronger; the issues in children friendship in Afghanistan tribe; the reasons of the end of children friendship in Afghanistan tribe, third, the form of children friendship in Afghanistan tribe which consist of superficial friendship and common interest friendship , and the forth the moral values of the novel The Kite Runner which consist of loyalty, sacrifice, bravery, and betrayal.

THE AUTHOR’S EXPERIENCES IN THE WAR AS REFLECTED IN THE MAIN CHARACTER OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S A FAREWELL TO ARMS: AN EXPRESSIVE APPROACH

By
Murtingatun Rofiqoh
04004087

ABSTRACT

This research entitled The Author’s Experiences in the War as Reflected in the Main Character of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The researcher analyzes the author’s experiences in the war as reflected in the main character of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. The purposes of the analysis are to describe the characterization of the main character of the novel, and to describe the experiences of the author as reflected in the novel.

This study belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The subject of the study is the novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, and the object of the study is the love affair between Frederick Henry and Catherine Barkley. The main data in this research is the novel. The secondary data are some critical books, journals, and on-line sources. The data analyzed are conducted under the expressive approach which is described by Abrams.

Based on the research findings, the writer concludes that the main character of A Farewell to Arms, Frederick Henry, is changeable in the manner. Henry is spiritually lost, immature in word, boyish and lie, and reluctant at first. However after his meeting with Catherine Barkley, he changes into a loyal and responsible man. Basically, Henry is humble, friendly, respectful, brave, and generous instead of his bad attitude above. The reflection of Ernest Hemingway’s life in the novel can be seen from several experiences such as experience of being an ambulance driver, experience of finding bad condition in war, experience of carrying wounded soldiers to hospitals, experience of being wounded, experience of helping another ambulance driver, experience of being carried to the post, experience of being cured in a field hospital, experience of being awarded a medal, experience of being reconciled into Milan, experience of falling in love with a nurse, experience of using crutches, experience of proposing to marry his beloved nurse, experience of getting jaundice, and experience of being left by the nurse.

The Power Conflict in The Russian Empire as Reflected in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy: A Sociological Study

ABSTRACT


The title of this research is”The Power Conflict in The Russian Empire as Reflected in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy: A Sociological Study”. The objectives are to describe the power conflict in Steve Berry’s novel The Romanov Prophecy in Russian Empire at late twentieth century; to describe the causes of power conflict in Russian Empire at late twentieth century; and also to explain the power conflict solutions in Steve Berry’s The Romanov Prophecy.


This research is grouped into a library. The subject is the novel itself, The Romanov Prophecy by Steve Berry. The novel originally was published in hardcover in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York in August, 31st 2004. The object is the power conflict in The Russian Empire. The research data are gathered through observation and documentation technique. They are analyzed by using sociological approach by Wellek and Warren.

The result of the study shows that the causes of power conflict are the constant political instability; a daily threat from the mafiya, protection payment that sapping away profit; underemployment; stability, a resurgence of communism, the mass belief. The researcher divides the description of power conflict in The Romanov Prophecy into two parts. They are power and conflict. The first is power. The researcher describes the power to eliminate the valid heir of Russian Empire into four parts. The descriptions are manipulating people, pressing the commissions, bribes, assassination and conspiring with the Church. The second description is conflict. The researcher explains the conflict from the point of view of the modes conflict. The modes conflict is warfare and revolution. The effort to restore the Tsar Empire after the fall of communism and a succession of weak government can be concluded as the reflection of the modes conflict. The last is the power conflict solution. The researcher points two main solutions. They are avoiding and accommodating.

THE STORM OF THE YOUTH LIFE AS REFLECTED IN SCENES FROM A MEMORY ALBUM BY DREAM THEATER: A SEMIOTIC STUDY

By
Sigit Widodo
04004032

ABSTRACT

The title of this graduating paper is The Storm of the Youth Life as Reflected in Scenes from a Memory Album by Dream Theater: A Semiotic Study. In this graduating paper, the researcher discusses the symbols and also the moral teaching in Dream Theater album especially in Scenes From A Memory album. The objective of this study is to find out the symbols as reflected in youth’s life in America and the moral values of Dream Theater’s song lyrics in Scenes From A Memory album.

In analyzing and finding the symbols and the moral values of Dream Theater’s song, the researcher uses theory of semiotics by Roland Barthes who offers five codes Proairetic Code, Hermeneutic Code, The Cultural Code, The Connotative Code, and The Symbolic Code. The theory of moral value by Stanford, this theory is guiding how to know the differences of morality and immorality. The research data are gathered through observation and documentation technique.

The results of this research shows three symbols in the lyrics of Scenes From A Memory album by Dream Theater are: love, death and the gun. The first symbol Deals of the album, Dream Theater tells about love as a conflict named interpersonal love. The second is a death. Death is a transcend of the human soul into another life that everyone should pass it. The last is the gun. Gun is a weapon to end the other people life, according to the story gun is a weapon to kill brutally used by Nicholas. Beside that, the researcher also gets moral values in Dream Theater’s song lyrics. There are three moral teachings: safe people life, keep away from drugs and alcohol and keep away from free sex.

English and Arabic Coordinating Conjunctions “A comparative Study”.

ABSTRACT

The research is entitled “English and Arabic coordinating conjunctions “A
comparative study”. The writer is motivated to choose the comparative study in this
thesis because of a few reasons. They are, firstly, the writer has ever studied and
practiced English and Arabic in Islamic boarding school where the students are
obliged to learn in English and Arabic deeply especially grammatical study and
secondly, many people learn languages in order to increase their language skill to
achieve purpose.

The aims of the research are: 1) finding out the ways of forming and
rule English and Arabic coordinating conjunction, 2) finding out the differences and
similarities between English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. This research is
also dedicated to support the readers, especially linguistic researcher to improve the research towards linguistic works. To analyze it, the writer offers the three steps conducting the research; they are presenting the data, analyzing the data, and finding out the result of the research.Based on the earlier statement, the subject of the study is the English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. And the object of the study is similarities and differences between English and Arabic coordinating conjunction. Sudaryanto says that there are some certain method concepts used by linguistic researchers. They are descriptive, comparative structural method. The writer uses the comparative method because this method is appropriate method used by the writer in connection with his subject of research.

Apparently, the writer finds the similarities and the differences in his research. Then the writer analyzes and classifies the similarities and the differences. Both English and Arabic similarities are 1). Conjunction, in Arabic and English, is divided into two kinds; coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. 2) The functions of Arabic’s and English’s coordinating conjunction generally are the same namely joining words, phrases, and sentences. And the difference is that Arabic
coordinating conjunction has explicit and implicit meaning.

MENTAL PERSONALITY DISORDER OF THE PROTAGONIST CHARACTER AS REFLECTED IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S TELL ME YOUR DREAMS: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

By
Reni Pujiastuti
03004034


ABSTRACT

This research entitled “MENTAL PERSONALITY DISORDER OF THE PROTAGONIST AS REFLECTED IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S TELL ME YOUR DREAMS: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS” is intended to describe the characterization of the character Ashley in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon, the cause of mental personality disorder of the protagonist characters in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon, and it is also aimed to describe the way the protagonist character overcomes the suffering of mental personality disorder in the novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon.


The writer chooses qualitative method to analyze the data since the data are in form of words. Meanwhile, the data collecting method is done through literary study to get an exact and factual data. In this research, the researcher uses the library method which is able to be done through library data searching. The technique or method of library research is a method used in finding, studying, and selecting the books which are the data sources.

The results of the study show that the protagonist character is a beautiful smart talented woman but a pessimistic one, who has dissociative identity disorder (DID). She has two alters, Toni and Alette, and these two new characters of her are sometimes cruel and sometimes soft. Through her new alter; she kills every man who wants to do sexual abuse to her. This is because of her trauma when she was a child on which she experienced a sexual harassment by her father. Finally, she can be cured through a special therapy for a DID patient.

A STUDY OF EXCLAMATION USED IN HARRY POTTER MOVIE ‘HARRY POTTER AND THE GOBLET OF FIRE’

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ‘A Study of Exclamation used in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire’ aims to find out the types and functions of exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry potter and the Goblet of Fire’.


This research uses descriptive qualitative method because the researcher does not use any statistical procedure in analyzing the data. The researcher takes the sentences that are said by the characters in the movie as data source of this research. Noting technique is applied in this research. She identifies and classifies the types and functions of exclamatory sentences used in Harry Potter Movie ‘Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire’.

The result shows that the types of exclamatory sentence found are vocative, greeting, shouting, title, simple language, and proverb and the functions of exclamatory sentence are to express some emotional strong states such as outcry, yelling, cheering, amazement, happiness, anger, and anxiety.

LOVE EXPRESSION IN DRAMA MOVIE SCRIPTS BASED ON ”SPEAKING” CONCEPT BY DELL HYMES: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

The title of this research is LOVE EXPRESSION IN DRAMA MOVIE SCRIPTS BASED ON ”SPEAKING” CONCEPT BY DELL HYMES: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY. In this research, the researcher here describes the linguistic forms of love expression used in drama movies and describe “SPEAKING” concept by Dell Hymes.

This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are written forms. The object of this research is movie script. There are five movie scripts on this research, such as Titanic, Romeo and Juliet, A Cinderella Story Shakespeare in Love and Pretty Woman. The research uses transferring and noting techniques to collect the data. The researcher uses non-numeric data. In analyzing the data, the researcher applies the descriptive technique.

The result shows that movie scripts explain the expressions to show love. There are three form, they are word, phrase, and sentence. Based on types of sentences, they are declarative sentences, interrogative sentences and imperative sentence. Based on the full predication, they are simple sentences and complex sentence. Based on SPEAKING elements, the Love Expression in movies happens in many places. It can be indoor or outdoor; they are garden, room, church, stage, field, balcony, ship, restaurant, and the ocean. It has different atmospheres, such as strained, romantic, happy, sad, bloomy and solemn. The participants are the speaker-hearer and the writer-reader. The Ends are to show praise, to show persuasion, to show affection, to show care, to show eagerness and to engage. Mostly, it has direct speech when delivering the utterances. The writer finds only one indirect speech by chatting. The sequences are the speaker delivers the expression, the hearer hears it, and the contents are appropriate with the topic. The key is serious because the speaker delivers the utterance in deep tone. The writer not only finds oral speech but also finds written speech. The norm of the conversation is the participants have to realize rules of interaction such as: polite behavior, intimate/very close, kind attitude, and they have to manage sound and visual look in the conversation. It can be seen when the conversation is very intimate. They have to pay attention by taking a look at each other and have good and respect manner when they show love. Mostly, the genre is casual speech.

THE STRUGGLE OF THE MAIN CHARACTER FOR THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S MALICE: A FEMINIST STUDY

by
Lili Nikmah Supriyati
04004002

ABSTRACT

The researcher in this thesis chooses a novel entitled The Struggle of the Main Character for the Pursuit of Happiness as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s Malice: A feminist Study as the subject of his writing. The researcher analyzes the intrinsic elements of the novel, especially the conflicts happening among the main characters.

The type of this study is a library research which consists of primary source and secondary source. The primary data of this research is taken from the novel Malice, while the secondary sources are taken from other sources like books, lecturers’ explanations, internet, etc. The subject of the research is the novel entitles Malice. Meanwhile, the object of the research focuses on the character and characterization of the main characters and the struggle form for the pursuit of happiness in the novel. Since the study uses the library research, it uses a qualitative descriptive method. The researcher tries to provide clearer information and describe the form of struggle the main characters by analyzing and employing struggle theory and feminist approach.

The results of the research shows that the characters in this novel are: John, Ellen, Grace, Molly York, David Glass and other character which is support the story in the novel. In this novel, the researcher found the characters and the characterizations of the main characters. There are several kinds of problems and form the struggle of the main character. The problems like: Form the struggle of the main character like: 1) The Struggle as an orphan child. 2) The struggle of Grace in sexual harassment, Grace has experience about sexual harassment which is done by her father. 3) The struggle of Grace in the Jail. 4) The struggle of Grace in the Court. 5) The struggle of Grace after going out from the jail such as: moving to Chicago and looking for a job.

A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER, MIRANDA, IN LAUREN WEISBERGER’S THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA

By
Ummu Rosyidah
03004114

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled A psychological analysis of the Main Character Miranda, in Lauren Weisberger’s The Devil Wears Prada, is intended to answer three problems: 1) To find the characterization of the main character Miranda, in the novel The Devil wears Prada, 2) To find the psychological factors influencing the main character’s perfectionism in the novel The Devil wears Prada, 3) To draw some moral values in the novel. The reasons to analyze this novel are: first, The Devil wears Prada has full of values that not only the aesthetic quality but also moral teaching which is appropriate to be analyzed with the psychological analysis. Second, this novel has many strange behaviors especially reflected in the main character Miranda as a boss and the antagonist character. Third, this novel has never been analyzed by other researchers in Ahmad Dahlan University by using the theory of psychology of literature.

This subject of the research is Lauren Weisberger’s novel The Devil wears Prada, while the object of the research is the psychological analysis; that is analyzed the perfectionism of the main character that found in the novel The Devil wears Prada. In collecting the data, the writer employs the library research. The main data is taken from the novel The Devil wears Prada composed by Lauren Weisberger. The supporting data are taken from books, journals, and internet resources that support and explain the main data. After the data gathered, they analyzed by using theory of psychology. The data are analyzed by using the theory of psychology and literature by Wellek and Waren (1989), and theory of perfectionism by Salvatore R. (Maddi: 1968) and (P. Ulmann and Krasner : 1969).

Some of the research findings are as follows, namely: 1) Characterizations of the main character, namely: perfectionist, diligent, stylish, important person, lavish, bossy, inconsistent, dictatorial, and impatient. 2).There are two factors that influence the main character’s perfectionism, namely: internal and external factors. 4) There are some moral values can be taken from the novel, namely: struggle, spirit, hope, friendship, authoritarianism, resistance, and freesex.

THE IMPACTS OF VIOLENCE TOWARD HILARY’S LIFE AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S KALEIDOSCOPE: A FEMINIST STUDY

By
Fauzi Achyat
04004010

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is “The Impacts of Violence Toward Hilary’s Life In Danielle Steel’s Kaleidoscope”. This study is a literary study of a novel entitled Kaleidoscope written by Danielle Steel. The main purpose of this thesis is to find out characterization of the main character, the Hilary’s experience violence, the impacts of violence against Hilary’s life, and the Liberal Feminism as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s Kaleidoscope.

The method of the study is based on the library research. The main data is Kaleidoscope novel. The source of the data is primary source and secondary source. The researcher takes the materials which are relevant to the analysis. After the data are collected they are analyzed by using liberal feminism and it will be describe with descriptive qualitative method.

Some of the important resarch findings are stated as follow: the characterizations of the main character; they are: responsible, egoistic, inclusive, and optimistic. The Hilary’s experience violence; they are: physical violence, psycological violence, sexual violence, and economic violence. The impacts of violence against Hilary’s life such as no marriage, inclusive, no friends, and terrified.

THE NAUGTINESS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER AS REFLECTED IN MARK TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER; A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

By
Deni Hernawati
04004148

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is The Naughtiness of The Main Character as Reflected in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; A Psychological Analysis. The researcher discusses the psychology of the main character as reflected in the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer using Psychological approach, the delinquency of the main character.

The method of the study is used on the library research in which the data are taken from books, magazine, and electronic device especially Internet. The data are classified into main and supporting data. The main data are taken from novel itself and supporting data are taken from the sources which are related to and support the subject matter of the study.

After having analyzed the novel, the writer discovers that Mark Twain characterization as reflected Tom Sawyer as the main character are stealing, lazy, smoker, honest, dreamer, care, kind, liar, adventurer, foolish, loyal, jealous, and secret keeper. Besides that, the main character also has some delinquency; telling a lie, stealing, smoking, cunning, and committing violence.

A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SIDNEY SHELDON’S THE SKY IS FALLING AND ITS MORAL VALUES

by
Tisa Avanti
03004139

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “A Structural Analysis of Sidney Sheldon’s The Sky is Falling and Its Moral Values” is intended to answer the intrinsic elements of the novel The Sky is Falling. The intrinsic elements are (1) theme, (2) plot, (3) setting, and (4) character and characterization. Abrams’s theory in Subhan is applied to analyze the intrinsic elements of the novel The Sky is Falling by Sidney Sheldon.

This research is descriptive qualitative research which applies theories of structural analysis. The subject of the research is the novel The Sky is Falling and the object is the intrinsic elements of the novel The Sky is Falling. The methodology is used in this research is library research. The library research means reading the novel critically and carefully. The technique of collecting the data are finding, studying, and selecting references which are related to the study.

The research findings are as follows: the theme of The Sky is Falling is investigation of mysterious murder. The setting of this novel is in Washington in the cold December. The plot that built the story consists of five parts. The exposition occurs that the protagonist, Dana Evans, had returned from Yugoslavia; the complication is when Dana Evan heard that Gary Winthrop murdered by some thieves; the crisis occurs when Sasha Shdanoff told Dana what she want to know, it is about who is the murderer of Winthrop’s family; the falling action occurs when Dana was back from Russia to Washington and she got a phone from Roger Hudson; and the resolution is when Roger Hudson, his wife and Jack Stone were killed in action and Dana get married with Jeff. The major characters in the novel The Sky is Falling are; Dana Evans is as the protagonist, Roger Hudson, Pamela Hudson, Jack Stone, and Cesar are as the antagonist, and Jeff Connors and Kemal are as the companion character. The minor characters are Gary Winthrop, Taylor Winthrop, Paul Winthrop, Julie Winthrop, Elliot Cromwell, Matt Baker, Joan Sinisi, Sasha Shdanoff, Rachel Stevens, and Mrs. Eileen Evans. The moral values consists of good values and bad values. The good values are never give up, brave, and kindness; the bad value is easy to believe.

THE PORTRAIT OF A STRONG WOMAN FOR SEEKING TREASURES AS REFLECTED IN STEVE BERRY’S “THE AMBER ROOM”: A FEMINIST STUDY

By:
Zuhriah
04004189

ABSTRACT

The title of the study is The portrait of a strong woman for seeking treasure as reflected in Steve Berry’s The Amber Room: a feminist study. This study Describes the portrait of a strong woman Rachel Cutler as the central character, the protagonist, or the hero (heroine) who has efforts for seeking treasures while investigating the case behind the amber room. And the readers can adopt the moral values what happen in the novel.

This research is grouped into a library research. The subject of the research is the novel The Amber Room. The data of the research are gathered trough observation and documentation. Finally, they are analyzed by using the socialist feminist proposed by Juliet Mitchell’s theory.

The result of the research shows that the characterization of the main character, are brave, smart, pride, stubborn, sharp tongue, aggressive. The efforts of a strong woman for seeking treasures are being determined, being motivated, being self esteem, being optimistic, being struggles, being heroes. And The moral values in the novel is independent, helping other, forgiving, friendship when she is seeking treasures.

THE AUTHOR’S CRITICISM TOWARD THE INJUSTICE TREATMENT OF THE WHITES AGAINST THE BLACKS IN AMERICA IN THE 1960S

THE AUTHOR’S CRITICISM TOWARD THE INJUSTICE TREATMENT OF THE WHITES AGAINST THE BLACKS IN AMERICA IN THE 1960S AS REFLECTED IN SUE MONK KIDD’S THE SECRET LIFE OF BEES:
A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

By:
Nanik Widiyanti
04004093

ABSTRACT

This thesis discusses a novel entitled The Secret Life of Bees, which was written by Sue Monk Kidd. The reason that the researcher wrote this thesis derived from the researcher’s curiosity to know The Blacks’ injustice in 1960s. Knowing that a literary work often becomes a reflection of the author’s life and way of communicating that author’s ideas to the readers, the researcher became interested in understanding the condition of the society in which Kidd wrote the novel and her own ideas about it. Here, the researcher drew a problem. It is how Kidd describes the injustice treatment of Whites toward blacks in America in 1960s in the story.

In order to achieve the aims of the study, the researcher employed a library research. The primary source of this study was taken from the novel itself, The Secret Life of Bees. The secondary sources in getting information about the sociocultural-historical background of the novel are from internet. Some quotations and statements from certain expert were also adapted to support and clarify some important ideas. For examples, Barnes and Noble’s book Barnes and Noble New American Encyclopedia and Curran’s book Introductory Sociology , were used to understand the Blacks’ condition in 1960s. This study was also supported by Swingewood’s sociological approach, Wellek and Warren sociological approach since the novel was analyzed based on the sociology of author.

In answering the problems above, several theories on literature were also applied. They were theory of Character and Characterization, theory of injustice, theory of the condition of The Black American in 1960s. The theory of sociological study was employed in her study in order to guide the researcher to find certain facts about author’s life which might have influenced her criticism toward The Blacks. Finally, the researcher wrote suggestions for future researcher concerning with the possible further researchers and general readers who are interested in studying the Black’s life .

THE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PROTAGONIST CHARACTER JUSTICE LAWRENCE WARGRAVE AS REFLECTED IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S AND THEN THERE WERE NONE:

THE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PROTAGONIST CHARACTER JUSTICE LAWRENCE WARGRAVE AS REFLECTED IN AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
AND THEN THERE WERE NONE:
A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY


By
Ary Kuspriyanti
06304015

ABSTRACT

In this research, the writer tries to analyze a novel entitled And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie under psychological analysis. The objectives of this research are (1) to describe the characterization of the main character observed psychologically, (2) to describe the abnormal behaviors faced by the main character, and (3) to describe the factors that caused the abnormal behavior faced by the main character Justice Lawrence Wargrave in the novel And Then There Were None.

The subject of this research is And Then There Were None, a novel written by Agatha Christie. The objects of the research are the characterization, the abnormal behaviors faced by the main character, and the factors that caused the abnormal behavior. This research employs a library research: to collect the data the writer visits some libraries, reads the novel and the secondary resources including the internet resources. After the data are gathered they are analyzed and interpreted by using the book entitled A Guide to Literary Criticism by Bustami Subhan and The Theory of Abnormal Psychology by Jeffrey S. Nevid, Speneer A, Rathus, and Beverly Greeny.

Some research findings of this research are as follows: First, the characterizations of Justice Lawrence Wargrave are: a romantic imagination; He considered that killing as an art of exploring himself; Smart; He is clever in arranging and creating a refined murder so that the victims do not know the killer; Enjoy killing; He felt the happiness kills. How did his casualties die, and the place for the sake of the place in accordance with the mistake that was made by them; Build the justice; He wants to be justice, because he believes that people he kills are people who violated the law that eliminated the life of the other person, but they were not touched by the law. Second, the abnormal behavior of Justice Lawrence Wargrave is: dangerous behavior: his behavior cannot be accepted or break the rule of norm society, the strange behavior. Third, the factors caused the abnormal behavior faced by the main characters Justice Lawrence Wargrave are: Injustice that Justice Lawrence Wargrave felt when seeing someone who was not guilty was punished, or the guilty person precisely free and could not be touched by the law. Since childhood is strong well to kill has he felt. Although he wanted to do just that the person or the creature that was not sinful might not suffer. The idea that suddenly emerged in himself Justice Lawrence Wargrave when conversing with the doctor. He wants to kill guilty people who violated the law, but were not touched by the law. Justice Lawrence Walgrave felt loose him the control against himself as a judge, so as he felt he wanted to do something that is killed than judged.

THE STRUGGLE OF THE MAIN CHARACTER FOR SAVING HER FRIENDS AS REFLECTED IN PHILIP PULLMAN’S THE GOLDEN COMPASS A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

By
Hery Wahyu Widodo
04004125

ABSTRACT

The title of this graduating paper is The Struggle of the Main Character for Saving Her Friends as Reflected in Philip Pullman’s The Golden Compass: a Psychological Approach. In this graduating paper, the researcher discusses the characterization of the main character as reflected in the novel of The Golden Compass. The objective of this study is to find out the struggle of the main character for saving her friends. The novel talks about Lyra Belacqua’s struggle to save her close friend who was kidnapped mysteriously.


To do the analysis, the writer performs the descriptive qualitative research to the novel as the subject of the study and the object is Lyra Belacqua as the main character as reflected in the novel The Golden Compass by Philip Pullman. The method used in the research is observation and document. The central issues which will be analyzed by the writer are the character and characterization of the main character psychologically. The writer tries to describe the struggle of Lyra for saving her friends in the novel The Golden Compass. The theory of psychology of literature is taken from Wellek and Warren (1956).

Some of the important research findings are stated as follows. The first is the character and characterization of Lyra Belacqua as the main characterization as a protagonist character. Lyra has a good character such as smart, optimistic, care, curious, helpful and strong. And Lyra has a bad character such as stubborn, dirty and naughty. The second is the struggle of the protagonist character for saving her friends who lost mysteriously. The struggle of the main character for saving her friend such as follows: 1) leaving Jordan College, 2) how to use the golden compass, 3) struggle to the North and 4) struggle to fade from the kidnapper. The third is friendship values that can be taken from this novel.

THE EFFORTS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER TO IMITATE SARAH FERGUSON’S LIFE AS REFLECTED IN DANIELLE STEEL’S THE GHOST: A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is The Efforts of the Main Character to Imitate Sarah Ferguson’s life as Reflected in Danielle Steel’s The Ghost: A Psychological Approach. The objectives of this analysis is to find out the characterizations of the main character and man’s efforts to imitate Sarah Ferguson’s life describing by Charles Waterston, are observed psychologically and the moral lesson.

In this research, the writer uses the psychological approach to analyze the characterizations of the protagonist character, Charles Waterston in The Ghost. The subject of this research is the novel The Ghost by Danielle Steel. The object of the research is the characterizations of the main character, Charles Waterston in The Ghost. The writer uses observation and documentation as the methodologies of the research. The observation means reading the novel carefully and critically. The result of observation is as documentation, especially the document of the main character, Charles Waterston in The Ghost. The technique of collecting data is qualitative method.

Some of the research findings are as follows: first, the main characters of the novel The Ghost by Danielle Steel is Charles Waterston; he has a flat character The characterizations of the main character, Charles Waterston, are pressured, handsome, hard working, ambitious and lonely. Second, he does efforts for his life. He leaves London and goes to New York, get his new love in Deerfield. Finally he lives happily.